https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/hand-washing https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/709.mp4 Hand Washing Proper Hand Washing Technique in Healthcare Importance of Effective Hand Washing Hand washing is a crucial practice in healthcare to maintain hygiene. While alcohol gels have their uses, they are limited in effectiveness. Proper hand washing with soap and water, followed by thorough drying, is essential for optimal cleanliness. Hand Washing Method Follow the recommended NHS technique for comprehensive hand washing. This method involves specific hand positions, with each action repeated five times: Hand Wetting: Start by thoroughly wetting both hands, ensuring water covers all areas to be washed. Soap Application: Apply a generous amount of soap to your wet hands. Rub your hands together to distribute the soap evenly. Position 1 - Circles: In this hand position, perform circular motions, repeating five times. Position 2 - Interlace and In-Between: Turn one hand over and interlace your fingers, focusing on the areas between the fingers. Repeat five times, then reverse hands. Position 3 - Palms and Fingers: Instead of the backs of your hands, focus on the front. Wash the palms and spaces between the fingers five times. Position 4 - Thumbs: Pay special attention to the thumbs, using a circular motion for thorough cleaning. Position 5 - Wrist: Finally, wash the wrists while gripping the height of the fingers with both hands. Repeat five times. Final Steps After thoroughly washing your hands: Drying: Use paper towels to dry your hands completely, ensuring no moisture remains. Tap Closure: Turn off the tap using your elbow to avoid recontaminating your hands. Dispose of Towel: Dispose of the paper towel in a designated bin. By following this hand washing technique, you can ensure your hands are clean and minimise the risk of infection transmission in healthcare settings. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/1215/Hand_Washing-01.jpg Yes 230 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/adult-choking-conscious-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/110.mp4 Adult Choking Dealing with Choking: Recognizing and Responding 1. Understanding Choking Choking can be categorized as mild or severe, depending on the extent of airway obstruction. 1.1 Mild Choking In cases of mild choking, there's partial blockage in the throat, and the person can still cough, breathe heavily, and may even talk. Common examples include throat blockage due to a fishbone. Initial steps involve calming the person and allowing them to cough, but if the obstruction persists, seek medical help as you can't remove the object yourself. 1.2 Severe Choking Severe choking results from a complete throat blockage, often caused by large food items. The person won't be able to cough and will rapidly deteriorate, necessitating immediate intervention. 2. Recognizing Severe Choking To identify severe choking: Ask, "Are you choking?" and observe for signs. Signs include hands clutching the throat and difficulty breathing. If the person can't respond verbally, look for non-verbal cues of distress. 3. Performing Life-Saving Procedures For severe choking, take these critical actions: 3.1 Back Blows Deliver five back blows between the shoulder blades while ensuring the person leans forward slightly. Watch for the expelled object after each blow. 3.2 Abdominal Thrusts Perform five abdominal thrusts by placing your thumb side just above the belly button and giving inward and upward thrusts. Alternate with back blows until the obstruction clears or the person loses consciousness. 4. Emergency CPR If the person loses consciousness, gently lower them to the ground and initiate CPR chest compressions. The trapped air in the lungs may help expel the obstruction as you compress the chest. 5. Special Consideration for Pregnant Individuals If dealing with choking in a pregnant person, use chest thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts, placing your fists on the middle of the breastbone and performing inward thrusts. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/173/Adult_Choking-01.jpg Yes 310 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/child-choking-conscious-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/170.mp4 Choking in children Dealing with Choking: Adult and Child Types of Obstruction Mild Airway Obstruction: Involves discomfort, potential pain, and distress due to a partial blockage (e.g., fishbone or small object). Severe Airway Obstruction: Represents a complete blockage, preventing breathing, talking, or coughing and may lead to unconsciousness if not addressed. Dealing with Choking on an Adult Assess Breathing: Ask the person if they are choking; if they can talk, they can breathe. Encourage Coughing: Support and keep the person calm, encouraging them to cough to clear the obstruction. Observe the Mouth: If the obstruction is visible, attempt to remove it without inserting fingers deeply into the mouth. Dealing with Choking on a Child Size Considerations: Kneel behind the child due to their smaller size; anticipate distress and the need for forcefulness. Back Blows: Stand behind and to the side of the child, delivering five sharp back blows between the shoulder blades using the heel of your hand. Abdominal Thrusts: Perform abdominal thrusts by making a fist and placing it between the child's belly button and the bottom of their breastbone; perform five sharp inward and upward pulls with the other hand on top of the fist. Repeat If Necessary: If the obstruction persists, repeat five back blows and five abdominal thrusts, checking each time. Emergency Actions If Obstruction Persists: Continue attempts to clear the obstruction; call emergency services if not done already. Loss of Consciousness: If the child loses consciousness, gently guide them to the floor, avoiding injury; initiate CPR if not breathing. After Successful Removal Assess and Calm: Sit the child down and keep them calm; seek medical attention to check for any injuries resulting from the thrusts. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/293/Choking_in_children-01.jpg Yes 197 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/infant-choking-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/172.mp4 Infant Choking How to Respond When an Infant is Choking Choking is a critical emergency, especially in infants, requiring swift and effective intervention to prevent severe outcomes. Understanding Choking in Infants Infants are more prone to choking on food or small objects. Quick action is essential in these situations to ensure their safety. Mild vs. Severe Choking Mild Obstruction: Some air passage remains, and the infant can cough. Severe Obstruction: Airway is completely blocked, preventing breathing, crying, or coughing. Immediate Actions for Severe Choking Follow these steps carefully to assist a choking infant: Step 1: Back Blows Lay the infant face down along your thigh while sitting. Support their head with one hand. With the heel of your other hand, give up to five firm back-blows between the shoulder blades. Check between blows for any dislodged obstruction. Step 2: Checking the Mouth Turn the infant over and lay them on your leg face-up to inspect their mouth: Remove visible obstructions carefully. Avoid blind finger sweeps. Step 3: Chest Thrusts While the infant is still lying face-up on your leg, locate the breastbone. Perform up to five chest thrusts using two thumbs with your hands around the chest, pressing inwards and downwards. Repeat back blows and chest thrusts if the obstruction remains. If the Infant Becomes Unconscious Immediately check for breathing and prepare to start CPR if there is no breath. Call Emergency Services or have someone call them if not done already. Conclusion Being prepared to act in a choking emergency can save an infant's life. Practice and familiarity with these procedures can make a critical difference. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/297/infant_choking.jpg Yes 231 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/2010-changes-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/198.mp4 Course introduction Welcome to ProTrainings Basic Life Support Training Aligned with the Skills for Health UK's Core Skills Training Framework (UK-CSTF) for Resuscitation Skills. Interactive and Flexible Learning Experience Watch a series of instructional videos. Engage in knowledge review questions. Complete a final test to assess your learning. Convenient and User-Friendly Platform Access the course on any device, from computers to smartphones and tablets. Enhanced Video Learning Utilize the 'pin video' feature for multitasking and view subtitles for better comprehension. Comprehensive Course Content Detailed text available on each page to supplement video learning. Assessment and Certification Pass the test to receive your completion certificate, CPD statement, and evidence-based learning statement. Certificate Validation Verify your achievement with the QR code on your certificate. Additional Resources and Ongoing Updates Access a wealth of resources and regularly updated course material. Duration of Access Maintain course access for 8 months, even after completion. Corporate Training Solutions Explore our company dashboards for staff training. Contact us for more information. Weekly Skill Refreshers Subscribe to our Monday email updates for new videos and blog news. Opt-in or Opt-out at Any Time Customize your email preferences to suit your learning needs. Thank You for Choosing ProTrainings We wish you success in your Basic Life Support Training journey. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/347/course_introduction-01.jpg Yes 138 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/waiting-for-the-ems-to-arrive https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1556.mp4 Waiting for the E.M.S to arrive What to Do While Waiting for EMS Emergency Preparedness Primary Concern: Patient's well-being should be your top priority while waiting for EMS. Bystander Assistance: Consider involving nearby bystanders who may be able to provide help. Effective Communication Phone Information: Provide detailed information over the phone to EMS, helping them anticipate the situation. Accessibility: Identify any obstacles like obstructive cars or movable items and address them safely. Bystander Support Assistance Seekers: Ask bystanders to assist by locating and guiding the ambulance to your location. Home Safety: Ensure pets are secured and illuminate your home during nighttime emergencies for better visibility. Patient's Medical Details Medications and Conditions: Inquire about the patient's medications and medical conditions to relay to EMS. Doctor's Information: Collect the patient's doctor's details and check if they are currently under hospital care. Workplace Awareness Alert Reception: Inform reception and relevant personnel at the workplace about the accident and EMS arrival. Preventing Delays: Avoid delays in EMS arrival by ensuring everyone is aware of the situation. Stay Connected Mobile Availability: Keep your mobile phone with you to ensure EMS can reach you at any time. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2731/Waiting_for_the_E.M.S_to_arrive-01.jpg Yes 231 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/scene-safety-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/101.mp4 Scene Safety Ensuring Scene Safety: A Crucial Step Understanding the Situation Before taking any action, it's vital to assess the safety of the scene. In this simulated scenario, let's consider a car accident: Initial Caution: Avoid rushing in immediately. Survey the scene for potential hazards and dangers. Multiple Factors: For a car accident, assess the presence of other vehicles, bystanders, and the number of individuals involved. Risk Assessment: Perform a swift risk evaluation, considering various elements. Understanding the Vehicle When approaching a vehicle, be alert to specific risks and potential dangers: Fluid Presence: Check for any spilled fluids, such as water, oil, petrol, or diesel, as they may pose a fire hazard. Glass Hazards: Be cautious of broken glass resulting from the accident. Cargo Inspection: If it's a van or similar vehicle, consider what it may be carrying, especially chemicals or gas. Safe Approach Remember the mantra: Stop, Think, Act. Maintain a strategic approach to ensure safety while offering assistance: Engage From the Front: When communicating with the injured party, approach from the front to prevent unnecessary head movement. Establish Identity: Clearly introduce yourself: "I'm Keith, a first aider. Can I help you?" Maintain communication from a distance during the assessment phase. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Don gloves as a precaution before moving closer to the patient. Ensuring Head Stability When approaching the vehicle, be mindful of potential spinal injuries: Control Head Movement: Politely instruct the individual to keep their head still. This step is especially important in suspected spinal injury cases. Effective Communication Engage in a dialogue with the injured party while maintaining vigilance for any evolving dangers: Gathering Information: Ask pertinent questions such as "Are you alone? Is there anyone else in the vehicle? Are there any hazardous materials in the vehicle?" Comfort and Reassurance: A compassionate and informative approach helps ease the patient's anxiety. Calling for Assistance If the scene reveals minor injuries or conditions you can't manage, promptly activate the appropriate emergency services: Clear Reporting: Clearly communicate the nature of the situation to the emergency services dispatcher. Request Assistance: Depending on the circumstances, request an ambulance, police, or other relevant services as needed. Conclusion These safety procedures apply to various scenarios, whether involving adults in car accidents or children requiring assistance. Prioritising scene safety ensures effective care delivery. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/155/Scene_Safety-01.jpg Yes 285 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/abcds-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/95.mp4 DRcABCDE approach The DRcABCDE Approach: A Structured Method for Emergency Patient Assessment The DRcABCDE approach is a clear, structured method used to assess, prioritise, and treat any patient in an emergency situation. It ensures that the most immediately life-threatening problems are identified and managed first. Current guidelines continue to emphasise that DRcABCDE must be used on every unwell or injured patient, from minor illness to major trauma. What Does DRcABCDE Stand For? The sequence is designed around what will kill the casualty first if not treated: Danger Response Catastrophic Bleeding Airway Breathing Circulation Disability Exposure D – Danger Before approaching the casualty, stop and check for danger. Ensure your safety, the casualty’s safety, and the safety of others Look for hazards such as traffic, electricity, fire, violence, sharp objects, or unstable structures If the scene is unsafe, do not enter. You cannot help if you become the next casualty. R – Response Check whether the casualty is responsive: Speak clearly: “Can you hear me? Are you alright?” If there is no response, apply a gentle shoulder tap This helps assess their level of consciousness and whether urgent help is needed. If the casualty is unresponsive or responding poorly, call emergency services immediately and put your phone on speaker. c – Catastrophic Bleeding Catastrophic bleeding is managed before the airway. If you identify severe, life-threatening bleeding, control it immediately. There is no benefit in CPR if blood is rapidly leaving the body. Apply direct pressure Use a haemostatic dressing if available Apply a tourniquet when appropriate Uncontrolled blood loss can be fatal within minutes, making this an absolute priority. A – Airway Once catastrophic bleeding is controlled, open and check the airway. Use a head tilt and chin lift if no spinal injury is suspected Use a jaw thrust if spinal trauma is suspected Remove visible obstructions only — never perform blind finger sweeps A clear airway is essential. Without it, breathing cannot occur and oxygen cannot reach the brain. B – Breathing Assess breathing by looking, listening, and feeling for up to 10 seconds. If not breathing normally or only gasping, start CPR immediately and send for an AED If breathing is present, assess the rate, depth, and effort Look for: Chest rise and symmetry Wheezing or abnormal sounds Signs of respiratory distress or chest injury C – Circulation Check circulation and look for signs of shock. Pale, cold, or clammy skin Rapid pulse Ongoing bleeding Reduced level of consciousness In cardiac arrest, do not waste time checking for a pulse. In breathing casualties, a quick pulse check can help assess circulation. Treat shock early: Lay the casualty flat Keep them warm Treat the underlying cause D – Disability This stage assesses neurological status. Use the AVPU scale: A – Alert V – Responds to Voice P – Responds to Pain U – Unresponsive Also check for: Pupil changes Confusion or agitation Seizures Signs of head injury Consider low blood glucose as a reversible cause where appropriate. E – Exposure Fully expose the casualty to identify any hidden injuries, while maintaining dignity. Look for wounds, burns, swelling, rashes, or bleeding Check for medical alert jewellery or tags Prevent heat loss and monitor for hypothermia. Cover the casualty again as soon as possible. Why the DRcABCDE Approach Works The DRcABCDE approach is effective because it is simple, structured, and prioritises immediate threats to life. This assessment must be repeated continuously. As the casualty’s condition changes, your actions must adapt. Using DRcABCDE helps you stay calm, organised, and focused, giving every casualty the best possible chance of survival and recovery. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/143/DRcABCDE.jpg Yes 276 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/calling-the-ems https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/868.mp4 Calling the Emergency Services Activating Emergency Medical Services: A Vital Process Immediate First Aid Providing initial first aid is essential, but remember to promptly involve the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) for professional assistance. Unified Emergency Number Regardless of the specific emergency service required, the contact number remains consistent. A delay in activating the EMS can have severe consequences: Call 999 or 112: These numbers are universally effective; choose either when in need. Both can be dialled from mobiles and landline phones. Effective Communication When making the call, consider using a hands-free or speakerphone mode to allow multitasking while communicating with the emergency services. They will guide you accordingly: Priority Categorization: The EMS will assess the situation and classify the call by priority. Examples include Category A for life-threatening scenarios and Category B for less critical cases. Service Selection: Specify the required service, which could be an ambulance, fire, police, Coast Guard, or other relevant services. The EMS may dispatch additional units as necessary. Clear Information: Provide a concise description of the situation initially. Answer any further questions as needed. Detailed location information is vital. Location Precision Ensuring accurate location details is critical. Use technology like 'what3words' or location apps for precise coordinates. The EMS can sometimes track your location via phone signals: Scene Safety: Make the environment safe and accessible for the emergency services. Unlock doors, illuminate the area, and secure pets if applicable. Workplace Awareness: Inform colleagues and reception about the EMS's impending arrival to prevent confusion. Assistance Guide: If others are present, delegate someone to meet and guide the EMS to your location, enhancing efficiency. Alternative Contact Methods Consider scenarios where traditional phone calls may not be possible, such as remote locations: Use of Radios: Learn how to operate two-way radios or satellite phones when needed for emergencies. Text Communication: If hearing-impaired, set up emergency service notification via text messages (details available in the download area). Keeping the Line Open If circumstances change or you require updates, don't hesitate to call EMS again. They can stay on the line to assist until their arrival. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/1509/Calling_the_Emergency_Services-01.jpg Yes 265 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/permission-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/98.mp4 Asking permission and consent to help Obtaining Consent in First Aid Situations Introduction and Permission When faced with a first aid scenario, it's crucial to follow proper protocol, beginning with a courteous introduction. Always introduce yourself and request the patient's permission to offer assistance. Consent Verification If the patient grants consent, whether through verbal affirmation, a nod, or by extending an injured limb for examination, you are legally authorized to proceed with your assistance. Respecting Patient's Wishes If, however, the patient declines your aid, you must respect their decision and refrain from any form of intervention. In such cases: Emergency Services: If the patient refuses help, promptly contact the emergency services for professional assistance. Refer to Supervisors or Family: Consider involving the patient's supervisor or family members to address their concerns and provide reassurance. Open Communication: Engage in a compassionate conversation with the patient, focusing on comforting and calming them despite your inability to assist directly. Unconscious Patients Even when dealing with an unconscious casualty, the principles of consent still apply. In such instances, consent may be implied as most individuals in this condition would likely accept aid if conscious: Verbal Interaction: Communicate with the unconscious patient as speaking to them can offer comfort. Hearing is often one of the last senses to diminish. Workplace Duty of Care It's important to recognize that in the workplace, as a designated first aider, you may hold a duty of care towards employees or colleagues. In such circumstances, the injured party may be required to seek your assistance: Employee Seeking Help: In situations where you have a duty of care, the casualty may be compelled to approach you for assistance. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/149/ProTrainings-01.jpg Yes 217 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/chain-of-survival-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/94.mp4 Chain of Survival The Chain of Survival: Giving Cardiac Arrest Patients the Best Chance of Survival The Chain of Survival describes the essential steps that give a person in cardiac arrest the best possible chance of surviving and recovering with a good quality of life. Each link in the chain is vital, and every second counts. If any one link is weak or delayed, the chances of survival fall dramatically. When all links are strong, outcomes improve and more people return to their families and communities. Link 1: Early Recognition and Calling for Help The first link focuses on recognising serious illness early and calling for help before cardiac arrest occurs. Early warning signs may include: Sudden collapse Difficulty breathing Chest pain Rapid deterioration or reduced responsiveness If you suspect someone is becoming seriously unwell or unresponsive, call the emergency services immediately. Early activation of emergency medical services (EMS) ensures advanced care is on the way as soon as possible. In some cases, early intervention may even prevent cardiac arrest from happening. Link 2: Early CPR and Defibrillation This link is about preserving the brain and restarting the heart. If a person becomes unresponsive and is not breathing normally, they are in cardiac arrest. Start CPR immediately High-quality chest compressions maintain blood flow to the brain and vital organs Defibrillation is the next critical step. Early use of an AED (Automated External Defibrillator) dramatically improves survival. Modern AEDs are safe, simple to use, and provide clear voice prompts. The sooner a shock is delivered, the greater the chance of restoring a normal heart rhythm. Link 3: Advanced and Post-Resuscitation Care When the heart restarts, this is known as ROSC – Return of Spontaneous Circulation. At this point, care must continue immediately. This stage focuses on optimising brain and heart function and preventing further deterioration. Key priorities include: Maintaining adequate oxygenation and ventilation Stabilising blood pressure Treating ongoing or recurrent arrhythmias Identifying and correcting reversible causes This phase is critical for protecting the brain, supporting the heart, and reducing the risk of another cardiac arrest. Link 4: Survival and Recovery The final link focuses on restoring quality of life. Survival is not just about restarting the heart. It is about helping the person recover physically, mentally, and emotionally. This stage may involve: Specialist neurological care Rehabilitation and physiotherapy Management of long-term heart or medical conditions Emotional and psychological support Good post-resuscitation care helps patients regain independence and return to a meaningful life after cardiac arrest. Why the Chain of Survival Matters The Chain of Survival highlights that every link matters: Early Recognition and Calling for Help Early CPR and Defibrillation Advanced and Post-Resuscitation Care Survival and Recovery When each link is strong, more lives are saved, and more people return to their families and communities with positive long-term outcomes. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/141/Chain_of_Survival.jpg Yes 187 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/fears-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/97.mp4 Fears of First Aid Addressing Common Fears in First Aid Training People attending first aid training often express initial reluctance due to various fears and concerns. Addressing these fears and demonstrating how they can be easily managed makes the training more enjoyable and understandable. Fear of Infection Some participants worry about coming into contact with blood, vomit, or other bodily fluids. First aid training teaches the effective use of barriers such as gloves and face shields to protect first aiders from infections like HIV or Hepatitis. Fear of Doing Harm The fear of doing something wrong or hurting the patient is common, especially when delivering chest compressions during CPR. It is important to remember that a non-breathing patient with no heartbeat is already in a critical state, and CPR can only help. The most harm would come from not performing chest compressions at all. Your training will help you respond appropriately to various situations. Fear of Litigation Concerns about potential litigation can be addressed through proper training. If you always ask for permission to help, follow the rules and workplace policies, and act within the boundaries of your training, the likelihood of being sued is low. Fear for Personal Safety First aiders should prioritize their own safety to avoid becoming patients themselves. Training emphasises the importance of always stopping, thinking, and then acting before approaching any emergency situation. This includes using scene safety measures to ensure your well-being. By addressing these fears in first aid training, participants can gain confidence and be better prepared to handle emergencies effectively and safely. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/147/Fears_of_First_Aid-01.jpg Yes 182 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/initial-assessment-and-recovery-position---paediatric https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4265.mp4 Initial Assessment and Recovery Position - Paediatric Initial Assessment and the Recovery Position In this film, we will look at the initial assessment of a casualty and how to place someone into the recovery position safely and correctly. Calling for Help If someone is with you and the situation requires it, ask them to call the emergency services immediately. If you are alone, continue with your assessment first and then call for help as soon as it is safe to do so. You may also be able to shout for help to attract the attention of others nearby. Check for Response Approach the casualty and introduce yourself: “Hello, my name’s Keith. I’m a first aider.” Gently tap the casualty on the collarbone and ask permission to help. If they are conscious, talk to them, find out what has happened, and encourage them to remain still while you assess them. If they are unconscious, you must immediately check whether they are breathing. Check for Breathing To check breathing, you must first open the airway. Place one hand on the forehead and the other under the chin Gently tilt the head back and lift the chin to move the tongue away from the back of the throat Quickly look into the mouth for any visible obstruction With the airway open, look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds: Look for the chest rising and falling Listen for breathing sounds Feel for air on your cheek If the casualty is not breathing, you must call the emergency medical services immediately and begin CPR. If they are breathing normally, CPR is not required. When the Casualty Is Breathing Normally If the casualty is breathing: Send someone to call an ambulance, ensuring they return and tell you when help is on the way Your priority becomes maintaining an open airway and preventing choking Head-to-Toe Check If gloves are available, put them on and carry out a quick head-to-toe assessment before moving the casualty. Gently feel the shoulders, arms, and chest for deformity, bleeding, or fluid Check the hips and legs are in a normal position If you find no signs of significant injury, the casualty can be placed into the recovery position. Placing the Casualty into the Recovery Position Ensure the casualty is lying on their back with their legs straight and together Place the arm nearest to you out at a right angle to the body Take the far arm and bring it across the chest, holding the hand against the cheek nearest to you With your other hand, bend the far knee so the foot is flat on the floor Using the leg as a lever and supporting the head and airway, gently roll the casualty onto their side, facing you Once in position: Check that the airway is open Ensure the casualty is breathing normally Adjust the legs to help maintain stability Ongoing Care From this point, your role as a first aider is to: Keep the casualty comfortable and warm Speak to them reassuringly, even if they are unconscious Monitor their breathing continuously If you are alone and need to leave to get help: Check that they are breathing before you leave Check again immediately when you return Important Guidance on Injuries Current guidance from the UK Resuscitation Council and the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) states: The recovery position is ideal for an unconscious casualty who is not injured If the casualty is injured, it is usually best to leave them on their back to avoid worsening injuries If the airway is compromised or fluid is present in the mouth, the recovery position may still be required If you must leave an injured casualty to get help, place them in the recovery position to protect the airway Key Points to Remember Introduce yourself and check for response Open the airway and check for breathing early Start CPR if they are not breathing Use the recovery position to protect the airway when breathing is present Monitor the casualty until emergency help arrives Calm, structured actions save lives. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7665/Initial_Assessment___Recovery_Position.jpg Yes 208 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/resuscitation-of-children https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1947.mp4 Resuscitation of children CPR for Children and Infants: Why Acting Matters More Than Fear Having to resuscitate a child or infant can be one of the most distressing situations anyone may face. Sadly, many children do not receive life-saving CPR because bystanders fear causing harm, especially if they are not specifically trained in paediatric resuscitation. This fear is unfounded. It is always far better to act than to do nothing. Using the Adult BLS Sequence on Children For ease of learning and retention, lay rescuers are taught that the adult Basic Life Support (BLS) sequence can be used for children who are unresponsive and not breathing normally. If you are unsure, follow the adult sequence. Doing something will always give the child a better chance of survival than doing nothing at all. Chest Compression Depth and Technique When delivering chest compressions to children and infants, the recommended depth is: At least one-third of the depth of the chest Hand Position by Age Group Infants (under 1 year): Use two thumbs with the wrap-around technique Children (1–12 years): Use one or two hands, depending on the size of the child Adolescents (13–18 years): Use two hands, as you would for an adult Whether you use one hand or two on a child is up to you. The outcome is the same. Choose the technique that feels safest, most comfortable, and best suited to the child’s size. The Impact of CPR on Survival What you do — or don’t do — has a huge impact on survival. No CPR: Survival rate of approximately 4.3% Chest compressions only: Survival rate of around 7.7% Full CPR (compressions and breaths): Survival rate increases to 13.6% These figures clearly show that early action saves lives. Delivering Rescue Breaths When giving rescue breaths: Deliver each breath over about one second Give just enough air to see the chest rise The maximum time between the last compression and the first compression of the next cycle should be no more than 10 seconds — and ideally much less. This minimises interruptions to chest compressions and helps maintain blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Key Message to Remember You do not need to be perfect to save a life. Fear of causing harm should never stop you from acting. Using the adult BLS sequence on a child or infant is far safer than doing nothing. Early CPR, even if it is not textbook-perfect, dramatically improves a child’s chance of survival. Act quickly. Act confidently. Your actions could save a young life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3507/Resuscitation_of_Children.jpg Yes 114 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/introduction-to-paediatric-and-adult-cpr https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1384.mp4 Paediatric CPR Introduction Paediatric CPR: An Introduction In this section, we will look at paediatric CPR, which stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CPR is a life-saving skill used when someone is not breathing normally. This topic is covered across several short films. We will explain CPR for infants, children, and adolescents, before moving on to specific elements such as chest compressions, rescue breaths, and AED use. Paediatric Age Groups Explained For the purposes of CPR: Infants are defined as under 1 year old Children are aged from 1 to 12 years Adolescents are aged from 13 to 18 years You do not need to know the child’s exact age to start CPR. What matters most is using a technique that allows you to achieve effective chest compressions. Choosing the Right Compression Technique The method you use will depend on the size of the child and what you are physically able to do: If you can deliver compressions using two thumbs, treat them as an infant If two-thumb compressions are not possible, use one hand as you would for a child If one hand is not effective, you can use two hands The priority is always to deliver good-quality compressions. Do what feels safest and most effective for you. Working With Other Rescuers In this section, we will also cover: How to hand over CPR to a second rescuer safely and smoothly How to provide continuous chest compressions only when you are unable or unwilling to give rescue breaths Chest-compression-only CPR is still highly effective and is always better than doing nothing. Key Message You do not need to be an expert to save a child’s life. Acting quickly, using the technique you can manage, and continuing until help arrives gives the best possible chance of survival. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2487/Paediatric_CPR_Introduction.jpg Yes 68 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/face-shields-paediatric https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5421.mp4 Face shields and children Face Shields for CPR: Types and Usage Effective Protection during CPR Face shields are essential for protecting against contact with vomit, blood, or other substances during rescue breaths. Using Face Shields If you do not have a face shield or are uncomfortable giving rescue breaths, performing chest compressions alone is an alternative. Types of Face Shields Face shields come in two main types: Filter Paper: You blow through this type. One-Way Valve: Allows squeezing of the nose; both types are simple to use and prevent contact with substances. Portability and Accessibility Both types often include a pouch and keyring for easy access and are typically included in BSI first-aid kits. Pocket Masks Pocket masks are another effective type of face shield: They seal around the face and use a one-way valve for ventilation. The mask is housed in a plastic case, easily removable by pushing to pop it up. An elastic strap secures the mask around the patient's head, ensuring a tight seal. Some models include a cap for oxygen delivery if available. Disposal Face shields are single-use items and should be disposed of safely after use to prevent contamination. Thank you for choosing ProTrainings. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9637/Face_shields_and_children-01.jpg Yes 92 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/improving-compressions https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1950.mp4 Improving compressions Delivering High-Quality CPR: Position, Depth, Rate, and Technique Providing high-quality CPR is one of the most important actions you can take during cardiac arrest. Small improvements in technique can significantly increase the amount of blood delivered to the brain and heart, improving survival. Correct Position for CPR The optimal position for delivering CPR is by the side of the casualty. This allows easier movement between chest compressions and rescue breaths and helps maintain good technique. However, compressions can also be delivered from over the head if space is limited. This may be necessary in confined environments such as: Aircraft aisles Buses or coaches Trains or other restricted spaces Compression Depth: Why It Matters Fear of causing harm, fatigue, or limited upper-body strength often leads rescuers to compress too shallowly. This is one of the most common CPR errors. Current guidance recommends that adult chest compressions should be 5–6 centimetres deep. Estimating compression depth is difficult, and evidence shows that compressions are often too shallow. Importantly, compressions that are slightly too deep are far less harmful than compressions that are too shallow. Priority: Ensure adequate compression depth every time. Compression Rate: Finding the Right Speed Large studies involving more than 13,000 patients have shown that the highest survival rates occur when chest compressions are delivered at a rate of: 100–120 compressions per minute When compression rates exceed 120 per minute, compression depth often decreases. For this reason, it is important not to exceed two compressions per second. Minimising Pauses in Chest Compressions Every pause in chest compressions reduces blood flow to vital organs. Pauses commonly occur during: Defibrillation Rescue breaths AED rhythm analysis All interruptions should be kept under 10 seconds wherever possible. Clear communication between rescuers is essential to minimise these gaps and maintain effective CPR. Chest Recoil: Just as Important as Compression Allowing the chest to fully recoil after each compression is just as important as pushing down. A common mistake is leaning on the chest, which prevents full recoil. Full recoil allows better venous return to the heart, improving circulation and overall CPR effectiveness. Think of compression and recoil as equal: Compression time = recoil time Managing Fatigue During CPR Compression quality can begin to fall after as little as two minutes. If there are enough rescuers available: Swap the person delivering compressions every two minutes Ensure there is no pause while changing rescuers This helps maintain correct depth, rate, and recoil. Practice Improves Performance Regular practice is one of the best ways to improve CPR quality. Use a CPR manikin whenever possible If practising at home, use a toy or stuffed animal to rehearse hand position and technique Confidence comes from practice, and confident CPR saves lives. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3513/Improving_compressions-01.jpg Yes 181 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/oxygen-for-first-aid https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/707.mp4 Oxygen for First Aid Oxygen Administration in Emergency Care Benefits of Oxygen in Emergencies Oxygen therapy is crucial in various medical scenarios such as shock or heart attacks. Enhancing oxygen concentration in the body significantly boosts the odds of survival, especially during CPR. Oxygen Safety and the Fire Triangle Caution: Oxygen is a key component of the Fire Triangle, implying a risk of fire. Mitigate this by maintaining equipment properly and ensuring secure storage. Transporting Oxygen Safely When transporting oxygen in a vehicle, display a sign indicating its presence. This ensures emergency services are aware in case of an accident. Storing Oxygen Tanks Store oxygen tanks upright to prevent damage. Use the carry handle for safe handling. Operating the Oxygen Tank Regulator and Gauge: The regulator manages oxygen flow, and the gauge indicates remaining oxygen. Valve Operation: Open the valve gently to start the flow, avoiding forceful handling. Utilising Non-rebreather Masks Non-rebreather masks, suitable for conscious or unconscious breathing patients, provide nearly 100% oxygen. Communicate clearly with the patient to ease discomfort and ensure effective usage. Contraindications and Cautions In certain conditions like COPD, administering pure oxygen can be detrimental. Always assess the patient's medical history before oxygen therapy. Post-Use Procedures After emergency services take over, responsibly pack away the equipment. Safely dispose of the mask, turn off and store the tank, or arrange for its refill. Conclusion Oxygen therapy is a potent tool in emergency care. Its proper usage, combined with safety and maintenance protocols, can save lives while minimizing risks. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/1211/Oxygen_for_First_Aid-01.jpg Yes 426 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/course-summary-optionalblended https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4815.mp4 Course Summary Congratulations on Completing Your Course! Flexible Learning Options Our courses offer the flexibility of 100% online learning. Additionally, you have the option to enhance your skills with a practical session. Practical Skills Session If you prefer hands-on training, our approved and monitored instructors can conduct practical skills sessions at your workplace, regional training centres, or even virtually through our online training platform. Locating a Local Instructor If you need assistance finding a nearby instructor or wish to arrange a workplace visit, please get in touch with us via phone, email, or our online chat feature. Access and Review You'll have access to the course for eight months, allowing you to revisit and refresh your skills. Keep an eye out for any new instructional videos we may add. Course Test Now, it's time to take the course test. You have the opportunity to review videos, documents, and student resources before starting the test. Test Guidelines The test has no time limit but must be completed in one sitting. Questions include multiple-choice and true/false. Incorrect answers prompt additional guidance, and you can make different choices without affecting your final score. Adaptive Testing System Our adaptive testing system ensures that each participant receives different questions. Successful completion of each course section is required. If you don't pass a section, extra questions will be provided, and you can retake the test after reviewing course materials. Completion Certificates Once you pass the test, you can print your completion certificate. Visit the course homepage anytime to print your Certified CPD statement and evidence-based learning statement. Explore Our Offerings ProTrainings offers a wide range of courses, with over 300 available at regional centres or your workplace. Many are offered as remote virtual courses, with live online instruction. Contact Us For course inquiries or group training solutions, please reach out to us at 01206 805359 or via email at support@protrainings.uk. Thank you for selecting ProTrainings! Best of luck with your test. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8581/Course_Summary-01.jpg Yes 161 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/what3words---location-app https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4780.mp4 What3Words - location app Using What3Words to Pinpoint Your Location for Emergency Services When calling emergency medical services, accurately describing your location can be difficult, especially in remote or unfamiliar areas. What3Words is an app that helps solve this problem by pinpointing your exact location using three unique words. How What3Words Works What3Words assigns three random words to a 3-meter by 3-meter square on the Earth's surface. By providing these words to emergency services, they can quickly and accurately find your location. Using the What3Words Website You can use the What3Words website (www.what3words.com) to find your current location or search for a specific address. The algorithm also includes error checking to ensure that slightly incorrect words still lead to the correct location. Using the What3Words App By downloading the What3Words app on your smartphone, you can easily find your current location and store saved locations for future reference. Who Uses What3Words? Around 80% of UK emergency services now use What3Words, along with roadside assistance services like the AA and various UK delivery companies. How to Find Your Location Using What3Words Visit www.what3words.com or open the app. Search for a postcode, or place, or allow the app to find your current location. Select the correct 3-meter square on the map to generate the three unique words for that location. Take note of the three words for future reference or to share with emergency services. What3Words is an innovative and effective way to pinpoint your exact location, no matter where you are in the world. Give it a try to ensure your safety during emergencies. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8507/What3Words_-_location_app.jpg Yes 119 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/using-gloves-paed https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5052.mp4 Using gloves Proper Use of Gloves in First Aid: Minimising Infection Risk Fear of infection can discourage people from providing emergency first aid. Using gloves during first aid can help protect both the provider and the patient. Choosing the Right Gloves There are various types of gloves commonly used in first aid, including nitrile and vinyl gloves. Latex gloves are less common due to the risk of allergic reactions. Gloves can be powdered or powder-free, with powder making them easier to put on. However, some people may be allergic to the powder. Vinyl Gloves Vinyl gloves are often used in food preparation and are not very strong. They can tear easily, so it's essential to be cautious when putting them on. Nitrile Gloves Nitrile gloves are popular in first aid and come in different colours. Some organisations use specific colours for particular areas or purposes. These gloves are ambidextrous and fit on either hand. Putting on Gloves Before putting gloves on, remove any rings that may tear the glove and check for holes or tears. Put the gloves on carefully, as demonstrated in the video, and always check for any tears after putting them on. Changing and Disposing of Gloves When dealing with multiple patients, change gloves to avoid cross-contamination. BSI first aid kits typically include at least six pairs of gloves. Proper removal of gloves is crucial to prevent contact with blood or bodily fluids. Remove them as demonstrated in the video and dispose of them in a biohazard bag or bin. Do not put them in general waste. Workplaces may have specific rules for disposing of gloves and other contaminated materials, so always check local guidelines. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9007/Using_gloves-01.jpg Yes 153 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/adult-bvm-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/166.mp4 Bag Valve Masks Using the Bag Valve Mask (BVM) for Non-Breathing Patients Introduction When rescue breaths are not feasible, the Bag Valve Mask (BVM) becomes a vital tool for delivering ventilations to a non-breathing patient. Components of the BVM Let's examine the key components of the Bag Valve Mask: Oxygen Supply: Connects to the BVM, enriching the system with oxygen. Reservoir Bag: Oxygen reservoir ensuring optimal oxygen delivery to the patient. Compressible Bag: Provides controlled oxygen flow during ventilation. Valve Mechanism: Regulates the flow of oxygen during both inhalation and exhalation. Using the BVM Proper usage of the BVM is critical for effective ventilation: Positioning: Place the mask on the patient's face, ensuring a secure seal over the nose and chin, extending to the base of the chin. Airway Management: Open the airway fully using a head tilt chin lift technique to maximize airflow. Sealing: Gently push down on the mask to maintain a seal while avoiding excessive pressure. Two-Man Technique: For optimal control, it's recommended to use a two-person approach. One person secures the mask and airway while the other operates the bag for ventilation. Single-Hand Bag Compression: When squeezing the bag, always use one hand. Using two hands may cause lung trauma and complicate future ventilation efforts. By following these guidelines, you can effectively utilize the Bag Valve Mask to provide essential ventilations to non-breathing patients. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/285/1.jpeg Yes 208 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/differences-in-child-size-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/167.mp4 Differences in Child Size https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/287/Differences_in_Child_Size-01.jpg Yes 110 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/infant-recovery-position https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/284.mp4 Infant Recovery Position Recovery Position for Infants Differences in the Recovery Position Using the recovery position for adults and children differs significantly from what you should do when dealing with an infant (under 1 year old). It's crucial to adapt your approach for their specific needs. Steps for Infant Recovery Follow these steps when dealing with an unconscious infant: Cradle the Infant: After confirming no injuries and checking for breathing, cradle the infant in your arms. Hold them facing you with their head tilted downward. Proper Support: Support their body using your arm and one hand while your other hand cradles their head securely. Choking and Vomit Prevention: This position prevents choking on the tongue or inhaling vomit. It also allows for easy monitoring. Continual Monitoring: Regularly check for breathing and assess their circulation by observing the color of their lips. Keep a close watch for signs of regaining consciousness. Comfort and Warmth: Holding them this way provides comfort and warmth to the infant during this critical time. Calling for Help If necessary, you can call emergency services or ask someone for assistance. However, ensure that you remain cautious while moving around. Your primary focus must always be on the infant's well-being, but it's equally important to avoid accidents like slipping, tripping, or falling. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/515/Infant_Recovery_Position-01.jpg Yes 74 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/rcuk-erc-resus-guidelines https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7112.mp4 RCUK and ERC Resus Guidelines Why the Resuscitation Council UK and ERC Guidelines Matter The Resuscitation Council UK (RCUK) and the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) set the official, evidence-based standards for CPR and first aid across the UK and Europe. These are the guidelines that every trainer, training provider, workplace, and first aider is expected to follow. All of our CPR and first aid courses are built around these trusted and regularly updated recommendations. What Is the Resuscitation Council UK? The Resuscitation Council UK is the nation’s leading authority on resuscitation science. It develops evidence-based guidelines covering: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support Paediatric resuscitation (infants, children, adolescents) CPR guidance for both healthcare professionals and lay responders The RCUK ensures that the UK follows safe, consistent, clinically proven methods in all resuscitation training and emergency response. What Is the European Resuscitation Council? The ERC sets the Europe-wide standards for CPR and emergency care. It works closely with national bodies, including the Resuscitation Council UK, and contributes to global research through the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). This collaboration ensures that CPR and first aid practices are aligned with the latest international scientific evidence. Why These Guidelines Are Important for You CPR and first aid guidance evolves as new evidence, clinical studies, and real-world data become available. These guidelines affect: What instructors teach during CPR and first aid courses How course content is structured The techniques you will learn and need to use during an emergency The recommended sequence of actions when someone collapses or stops breathing In short, the Resuscitation Council UK and ERC shape exactly how CPR and first aid should be performed to give someone the best chance of survival. Guidelines Backed by Extensive Research Each update is based on thousands of scientific papers, clinical reviews, expert analysis, and real-life experience. This means that when the RCUK and ERC release new recommendations, they represent the most effective and up-to-date approach to saving lives. The Latest Guidelines We Teach All of our courses follow the latest Resuscitation Council UK and ERC guidelines, released in late 2025 and scheduled for review in 2030. If you have trained with us before, you will notice some important changes—these updates are designed to: Increase survival rates in cardiac arrest Improve outcomes in first aid emergencies Ensure every rescuer uses the most effective, evidence-based methods What This Means for Learners Whether you are refreshing your skills or learning for the first time, these updated guidelines ensure you are trained to the highest and most current standards. In a real emergency, this knowledge can make the difference between life and death. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12838/RCUK___ERC_Resus_Guidelines.jpg Yes 101 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/adolescent-cpr https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7110.mp4 Adolescent CPR How to Perform CPR on an Adolescent (13–18 Years) In this training film, we will cover how to perform CPR on an adolescent aged between 13 and 18 years. Although cardiac arrest in young people is less common than in adults, it can still occur due to breathing problems, traumatic injury, or sudden collapse. Delivering high-quality CPR is essential and can significantly improve their chance of survival. Initial Safety Checks Ensure the area is safe for both you and the adolescent before approaching. Gently shake their shoulder or tap it and call loudly: “Are you OK?” Calling for Help If they do not respond: Shout for help immediately. If you are alone, call 999 straight away, place the phone on speaker, and begin CPR without delay. The emergency call handler will guide you through the process. If someone else is available, ask them to call 999, put the phone on speaker if possible, and fetch an AED while you start CPR. Assessing Breathing Open the airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre. Look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for no more than 10 seconds. If the adolescent is not breathing or their breathing is abnormal (gasping or irregular), start CPR immediately. Rescue Breaths Matter In adolescents, cardiac arrest often relates to breathing difficulties or trauma, which means rescue breaths are especially important. Give 5 Initial Rescue Breaths Seal your mouth over theirs. Pinch the nose closed. Blow gently for one second per breath and watch for the chest rising. Chest Compressions Deliver 15 chest compressions immediately after the initial breaths. Place your hands in the centre of the chest, on the upper half of the sternum between the nipples. Push down to a depth of 5-6cm. Compress at a rate of 100–120 per minute. Allow the chest to fully recoil after each compression. Aim to minimise any interruptions. Continue the CPR Cycle After the initial breaths and compressions, continue CPR following this pattern: 15 compressions 2 rescue breaths Repeat this cycle until help arrives or the adolescent begins to show signs of recovery. Using an AED on an Adolescent If an AED is available, switch it on immediately, even if you are partway through a CPR cycle. Continue CPR while attaching the pads. Follow the AED’s voice prompts. Use adult pads if paediatric pads are not available. Pad placement for adolescents is the same as for adults. When to Stop CPR Continue CPR until one of the following occurs: The adolescent starts breathing normally or shows signs of life, such as moving, speaking, or opening their eyes. The emergency services arrive and take over. You become physically unable to continue—if so, try to pass CPR on to someone else. High-quality CPR can make a critical difference in an adolescent’s chance of survival. Acting quickly and confidently is key. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12844/Adolescent_CPR.jpg Yes 168 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/compressions-only-cpr-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/106.mp4 Compressions Only CPR Adult Cardiac Arrest: Compression-Only CPR In this film, we will show you what to do if an adult suddenly collapses and is not breathing normally, following the latest Resuscitation Council UK guidelines using compression-only CPR. Even if you have never received CPR training, your actions can still save a life. The most important things are to act quickly, call 999, start chest compressions, and keep going until help arrives. Step 1: Check for Danger Before helping, make sure the area is safe for you and others. Look for hazards such as: Traffic Electricity Fire or smoke Broken glass or sharp objects If it is safe, approach the casualty. Step 2: Check for Response Gently shake the casualty’s shoulders and shout: “Are you OK?” If there is no response: Shout for help If someone is nearby, ask them to call 999, put the phone on speaker, and fetch an AED if one is available If you are on your own, call 999 on your mobile and put it on speakerphone so the call handler can guide you. Step 3: Check for Normal Breathing Gently tilt the head back and lift the chin to open the airway Look for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds Check whether the chest rises and falls normally If the person is not breathing normally, or is only gasping, treat this as cardiac arrest. Tell the 999 operator that the person is not breathing normally. An ambulance will be dispatched immediately. Step 4: Start Chest Compressions Begin chest compressions straight away. The call handler may say: “Place the heel of your hand in the centre of the chest, put your other hand on top, and push hard and fast.” How to Perform Chest Compressions Kneel beside the casualty Place the heel of one hand in the centre of the chest, between the nipples Place your other hand on top and keep your arms straight Push down hard and fast, to a depth of 5–6 cm Allow the chest to fully rise after each compression Continue at a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute (about two per second) You can keep time to the beat of a familiar song such as “Stayin’ Alive” or “Baby Shark”, which both match the correct rhythm. Keep Going Until Help Arrives Do not stop CPR unless: The person starts breathing normally or begins to move Emergency services arrive and take over You become physically exhausted Using an AED If an AED arrives: Switch it on immediately Follow the spoken instructions The AED will tell you when to stop compressions and when to restart If the Person Starts Breathing Normally If normal breathing returns: Stop chest compressions Carefully roll the person onto their side into the recovery position Keep the airway open with the head slightly tilted back Stay with them and monitor their breathing until help arrives Key Points to Remember Call 999 immediately and use speakerphone If the person is not breathing normally, start chest compressions straight away Compress the centre of the chest 5–6 cm deep Maintain a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute Use an AED as soon as possible and follow its instructions Even if you are untrained, doing something is always better than doing nothing Act fast, keep pushing, and do not stop. Your actions could save a life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/165/ADULT_Compression_Only_CPR.jpg Yes 201 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/adult-cpr-hand-over-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/105.mp4 CPR Hand Over Optimizing CPR Efforts: Sharing the Work and Guidelines 1. The Importance of Sharing CPR Efforts Providing CPR can be physically demanding and exhausting. To maintain effectiveness, consider sharing the work with another rescuer. Collaboration with another rescuer helps alleviate fatigue. CPR training is not essential for the second rescuer; instructions can be provided. 2. Coordinated CPR Assistance Efficiently coordinate CPR efforts with a second rescuer: The primary rescuer guides and demonstrates the required actions while performing chest compressions. During the breaths phase, the second rescuer prepares to immediately resume compressions once the breaths are completed. 3. Rotation Every Two Minutes Maintain CPR effectiveness through regular rotation: Consider swapping roles every two minutes to combat rescuer fatigue. If you have no additional assistance and become tired, focus on chest compressions, taking a break from breaths. 4. Staying Updated with CPR Guidelines Stay informed with the latest CPR guidelines: Adhere to the 2021 UK and European Resuscitation Council guidelines. Stay prepared for future updates and revisions. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/163/CPR_Hand_Over-01.jpg Yes 134 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/using-an-aed-on-an-infant https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7080.mp4 Using an AED on an infant Using an AED on an Infant: UK Resuscitation Council 2025 Guidance Although infants very rarely experience a shockable heart rhythm, the use of an AED can still be lifesaving when cardiac arrest occurs. High-quality CPR remains the foundation of care. However, if an AED is available, it should be used without delay. Current guidance confirms that AEDs are safe to use on infants and should not be withheld when they are needed. Key Steps for Using an AED on an Infant Call for help immediately.As soon as you know the infant is not breathing, call 999. Ask a bystander to fetch an AED if one is available. Start CPR straight away.Begin CPR immediately. Do not delay compressions and rescue breaths while waiting for an AED. Continue CPR while preparing the AED.When the AED arrives, switch it on while CPR continues. Minimise any pauses while the pads are prepared and applied. Apply the AED pads. If paediatric pads are available, use them. If paediatric pads are not available, use adult pads. Do not delay defibrillation to wait for paediatric pads. Correct pad placement. Place one pad on the front of the chest, slightly to the left side. Place the second pad on the back, between the shoulder blades. This front-and-back positioning ensures the heart sits between the pads. Follow the AED prompts.Allow the AED to analyse the heart rhythm. Make sure no one is touching the infant during analysis or shock delivery. Resume CPR immediately.If a shock is delivered, restart CPR straight away and continue for two minutes before the AED re-analyses. Continue until emergency services arrive or the infant shows signs of life. Why Speed Matters When an infant suffers cardiac arrest, every second counts. Early CPR, rapid AED use, and following the device prompts give the infant the best possible chance of survival. Important 2025 Guideline Updates AED use in infants is now explicitly included in the 2025 UK Resuscitation Council guidelines. Pad positioning has changed slightly. Some AED pad diagrams may still show a central chest position. For infants, the front pad should be placed slightly to the left side of the chest. Some AEDs may not mention infant use, but they are safe to use on infants when cardiac arrest is suspected. Key Message Start CPR quickly. Use the AED without hesitation. Follow the prompts. Prompt, confident action can make a lifesaving difference for an infant in cardiac arrest. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12826/Using_an_AED_on_an_infant.jpg Yes 142 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/three-steps-to-save-a-life https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7078.mp4 Three Steps to Save a Life (2025) The Three Steps to Save a Life: A Simple Emergency Guide The Three Steps to Save a Life approach is an easy, effective method that anyone can use during an emergency. At the heart of the Resuscitation Council UK guidelines, this process shows that you do not need medical training to make a lifesaving difference. Step 1 – Check Check for Safety Before you approach the casualty, ensure the area is safe. Look for hazards such as: Traffic Electricity Fire or smoke Other environmental dangers Check Responsiveness Once it’s safe, assess whether the person can respond: Gently tap their shoulders Ask loudly, “Are you alright?” If they do not respond and appear unresponsive, move immediately to Step 2. Step 2 – Call Call 999 (or 112 in Europe) without delay. Put your phone on speaker to keep your hands free. The emergency operator will guide you step-by-step. Check Breathing With Guidance The dispatcher will help you assess for normal breathing. Look, listen, and feel for no more than 10 seconds. If the person is not breathing normally or is only gasping, tell the operator immediately. They will talk you through starting CPR. Step 3 – CPR and AED Start CPR Immediately If breathing is absent or abnormal: Place the heel of your hand in the centre of the chest Put your other hand on top Begin compressions at 100–120 per minute Press down about 5 cm each time Allow the chest to fully rise between compressions Use an AED if Available If an AED is nearby: Turn it on immediately Follow the voice prompts The device will tell you when to pause, stand clear, or resume compressions The emergency dispatcher will stay on the line and support you until professional help arrives. Why These Three Steps Matter Remember: Check • Call • Start CPR with an AED. These quick, simple actions can double or even triple a person’s chance of survival. You don’t need to be a doctor — just willing to act. Your hands, your phone, and your courage truly can save a life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12822/Three_Steps_to_Save_a_Life_2.jpg Yes 149 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/child-cpr-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/168.mp4 Child CPR Child Cardiac Arrest: CPR and AED Guidance (Ages 1–12) Cardiac arrest in children is uncommon. When it does occur, it is usually caused by another medical emergency, most often a breathing problem, trauma, or an underlying illness, rather than a primary heart condition. Your first priority is to assess the situation quickly and understand what may have happened. Ensure the Scene Is Safe Before approaching the child, always check that it is safe to do so. Look for any dangers that could harm you or the child. If a parent, teacher, or guardian is nearby, ask for permission before intervening: “Can I help your child?” Check for Responsiveness If the child appears unresponsive, speak to them directly. Even if they cannot reply, they may still be able to hear you. Speak calmly and clearly: “Hello, my name’s Keith, I’m a first aider. Can you hear me?” If you know the child’s name, use it, as this can sometimes prompt a response. If there is no response: Gently tap the child’s shoulder or collarbone Ask again, “Are you OK? Can you hear me?” Call for Help If the child remains unresponsive, shout for help immediately. If someone is with you, ask them to call 999 on speakerphone, leave the phone with you, and bring an AED if one is available. The emergency call handler will give step-by-step instructions and guide you through CPR if needed. If you are alone, call 999 on speakerphone yourself and continue your assessment. Check for Normal Breathing Open the airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift technique Briefly look inside the mouth for any obvious obstruction and remove it if visible Place one hand on the forehead and two fingers on the bony part of the chin, gently tilting the head back Open the mouth slightly and check again for any visible obstruction Look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds You are looking for chest rise and fall, listening for breath sounds, and feeling for air movement on your cheek. If the child is not breathing normally or is only gasping (agonal breathing), treat this as cardiac arrest. When to Start CPR If you are alone, start CPR immediately and continue for one minute before going to get help. If someone else is present, they should call 999 straight away while you start CPR. In children, cardiac arrest is often caused by a lack of oxygen, so early CPR can help restore breathing and circulation. Five Initial Rescue Breaths Begin CPR with five rescue breaths: Open the airway Pinch the nose closed Seal your mouth over the child’s mouth Breathe steadily for up to one second, just enough to see the chest rise Allow the chest to fall before giving the next breath Repeat until five effective breaths have been delivered. Chest Compressions Place the heel of one hand in the centre of the chest, on the lower half of the sternum, between the nipples Keep your arms straight and shoulders directly above your hand Compress the chest to one-third of its depth (approximately 4–5 cm in a small child) Compress at a rate of 100–120 per minute Allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions If the child is larger or you cannot achieve enough depth, use two hands, one on top of the other. After the initial five breaths, continue CPR using a ratio of 15 compressions to 2 rescue breaths, keeping interruptions to a minimum. If two rescuers are present, swap roles every two minutes to prevent fatigue and maintain effective compressions. Using an AED on a Child As soon as an AED becomes available: Switch it on immediately and follow the voice prompts Use paediatric pads if available Place one pad on the chest and one on the back between the shoulder blades For children under 25 kg (around 8 years old), position the front pad slightly to the left side of the chest If only adult pads are available, use them, ensuring they do not touch The AED will analyse the heart rhythm and advise whether a shock is needed. When instructed, ensure everyone is standing clear Make sure no one is touching the child Deliver the shock if advised Immediately resume CPR after the shock, continuing with 15 compressions and 2 breaths until the AED re-analyses or help arrives. Continue CPR Until The child starts breathing normally or shows signs of life, such as movement or eye opening Emergency services arrive and take over You are physically unable to continue Key Points to Remember Always check for safety first Call 999 early — if alone, after one minute of CPR Give five initial rescue breaths before compressions Continue 15 compressions to 2 breaths at 100–120 per minute Use an AED as soon as it is available Swap rescuers every two minutes where possible to maintain CPR quality Early CPR and early defibrillation save lives. Acting quickly and confidently gives a child the best possible chance of survival. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/289/Child_CPR_2025.jpg Yes 296 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/infant-cpr-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/169.mp4 Infant CPR Infant CPR: How to Resuscitate a Baby Under One Year Old In this section, we will look at how to perform CPR on an infant. An infant is defined as a child under one year old. Cardiac arrest in infants is very rare. However, when it does occur, it is almost always caused by a breathing problem, not a primary heart condition. Acting quickly and using the correct technique gives the infant the best possible chance of survival. Step 1: Ensure the Scene Is Safe Before doing anything else, check that the area is safe. Look for hazards that could put you or the infant at risk. If it is safe, approach the infant calmly. Step 2: Check for Responsiveness Speak gently to the infant: “Hello, can you hear me?” You are looking for any sign of response. To check responsiveness: Tap or gently flick the sole of the foot Look for movement, sound, or any reaction If there is no response, shout for help immediately. Step 3: Call for Help If someone is nearby, ask them to call 999, leave their phone with you on speakerphone, and bring an AED if one is available. If you are alone, call 999 yourself on speakerphone and continue your assessment. The emergency call handler will give step-by-step instructions and guide you through CPR if needed. Step 4: Check for Normal Breathing Place one hand on the forehead and two fingers under the bony part of the chin Gently tilt the head to a neutral position — do not overextend the neck Briefly look inside the mouth for any visible obstruction and remove it only if it can be seen and easily removed Keep the airway open and look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds You are checking for chest movement, breathing sounds, and air on your cheek. If the infant is not breathing normally or is only gasping, treat this as cardiac arrest. Step 5: Give Five Initial Rescue Breaths Because infant cardiac arrest is usually caused by breathing problems, rescue breaths are critical. Maintain a gentle head tilt and chin lift Place your mouth over the infant’s mouth and nose, forming a complete seal Blow gently for about one second, just enough to make the chest rise Allow the chest to fall before the next breath Give five rescue breaths in total. If the chest does not rise, recheck the airway position and seal before trying again. Step 6: Start Chest Compressions After the five rescue breaths, begin chest compressions: Place your two thumbs on the centre of the chest, just below the nipple line Wrap your hands around the infant’s chest, supporting the back with your fingers Compress the chest by one-third of its depth Maintain a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute (about two per second) Allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions Continue CPR using a ratio of 15 compressions to 2 rescue breaths. If another rescuer is available, swap every two minutes to prevent fatigue and maintain high-quality CPR. Step 7: Using an AED on an Infant As soon as an AED becomes available: Switch it on immediately and follow the voice prompts Use paediatric pads if available Place one pad on the front of the chest, slightly to the left Place the other pad on the back, between the shoulder blades Continue CPR while the AED is being applied, if possible If only adult pads are available, use them The AED will tell you when to stand clear and when to resume CPR. Resume chest compressions immediately after any shock and continue until the AED re-analyses or help arrives. Continue CPR Until The infant starts breathing normally or shows signs of life, such as movement or crying Emergency services arrive and take over You are physically unable to continue If the Infant Starts Breathing If the infant begins breathing normally: Place them in the infant recovery position on their side with the head slightly lower Or hold them in your arms in the same position Continue to monitor breathing closely until help arrives Key Points to Remember Always check for danger before approaching Call 999 early Give five gentle rescue breaths first Continue 15 compressions to 2 breaths at 100–120 per minute Use an AED as soon as possible and follow the prompts Keep checking for normal breathing and signs of life Early recognition, early CPR, and early defibrillation save lives. Acting quickly and calmly can make all the difference. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/291/Infant_CPR.jpg Yes 287 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/drowning https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/708.mp4 Drowning Responding to Suspected Drowning Incidents 1. Prioritize Safety First When encountering a suspected drowning victim who is unresponsive and not breathing, prioritize safety for yourself and others. 2. Assess the Situation Begin this scenario with the victim on their back, considering potential water-related hazards such as cold water, underwater obstructions, soft beds, or strong currents. 3. Drowning vs. Office Situation Recognize the distinction between a drowning victim and someone not breathing in an office setting. Drowning is more likely due to a respiratory problem. 4. Providing Treatment If someone is present, send them to call the EMS; otherwise, continue with care. Open the airway and check for breathing for 10 seconds. If no breathing is detected, administer five rescue breaths initially. Follow with 30 compressions and two breaths, repeating for one minute. If alone, leave to call for help, following the "call fast approach." Continue CPR with 30 compressions and two breaths until EMS arrives or instructs otherwise. 5. Importance of Initial Rescue Breaths Delivering five initial rescue breaths aims to restart breathing and assess signs of life before proceeding with CPR. 6. Consistency with Child Drowning Protocol It's noteworthy that the sequence for responding to drowning is the same for children aged 1 to 18. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/1213/Drowning.jpg Yes 122 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/seizures-and-cardiac-arrest https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3268.mp4 Seizures and Cardiac Arrest Recognizing Cardiac Arrest during Seizures 1. Resuscitation Council Guidelines The Resuscitation Council's guidelines emphasize the importance of identifying cardiac arrest in unresponsive individuals not breathing normally. Bystanders and emergency medical dispatchers should maintain suspicion of cardiac arrest in patients with seizures. Careful assessment of breathing should be conducted in such cases. 2. Treating Unresponsive Individuals When encountering an unresponsive individual not breathing normally, it is crucial to treat the situation as a potential cardiac arrest and initiate CPR. 3. Suspicion during Seizures If you come across someone experiencing a seizure, always consider the possibility of cardiac arrest and verify their breathing status. During a seizure, the patient's breathing may pause briefly, typically resuming within 10 to 15 seconds. In some cases, breathing cessation may extend up to a minute. 4. Continuous Breathing Monitoring Remain vigilant for signs of cardiac arrest during a seizure episode by continuously monitoring the patient's breathing until they recover. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5719/Seizures_and_Cardiac_Arrest-01.jpg Yes 73 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/effective-cpr https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1389.mp4 Effective CPR Understanding CPR: The Heart, Cardiac Arrest, and the Importance of Compressions Knowing how the heart functions and the impact of cardiac arrest is crucial for delivering effective CPR. You can keep blood circulating with proper compressions until a defibrillator becomes available. How the Heart Functions The heart's natural pacemaker, the Sinoatrial Node, sends regular electrical impulses from the top chamber (Atrium) to the bottom chamber (Ventricle). This process keeps the heart pumping blood. In cardiac arrest, this normal functioning is disrupted, often due to electrolyte imbalances, potassium interference, or heart-related issues. Cardiac Arrest and Ventricular Fibrillation During cardiac arrest, the heart's electrical pathways are disrupted, causing the heart to experience ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. In this state, defibrillation is necessary to restore normal heart function. Effective CPR and Chest Compressions While waiting for an Automated External Defibrillator (AED), perform effective CPR: Push down 5-6cm at 100-120 beats per minute. Place hands in the centre of the chest. Maintain a straight posture and use body weight. Switch rescuers every two minutes for optimal CPR. Allow the chest to recoil fully between compressions. The Role of AEDs AEDs work by passing electricity through the heart, momentarily stunning it and allowing the heart's pacemaker to restore normal function. In cases of cardiac arrest due to a lack of oxygen, the AED may indicate that no shock is necessary. Continue CPR and monitor the patient until emergency services arrive. Remember: Anyone can perform CPR. The key is to maintain the correct rate and depth of compressions. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2505/Effective__CPR-01.jpg Yes 357 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/improving-breaths-2015-guidelines https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1951.mp4 Improving breaths Rescue Breaths and CPR: Guidelines and Alternatives Rescue breaths play a crucial role in CPR. They should be performed correctly and with proper techniques to maximise their effectiveness in saving lives. Proper Rescue Breath Technique CPR providers should: Give rescue breaths with an inflation duration of about 1 second. Provide sufficient volume to make the victim's chest rise. Avoid rapid or forceful breaths. Limit the time between compressions and breaths to no more than 10 seconds. Dealing with Obstructions If a breath doesn't go in: Check for obstructions in the mouth, but avoid blind finger sweeps. Re-open the airway and try again, but only attempt the recommended number of times. Alternative Breathing Methods Rescue breaths can also be delivered through: Mouth-to-nose ventilation: An acceptable alternative if the victim's mouth is injured, cannot be opened, or a seal is difficult to achieve, or if the victim is in water. Mouth-to-tracheostomy ventilation: Applicable for victims with a tracheostomy tube or tracheal stoma who require rescue breathing. Barrier Devices Barrier devices can help reduce bacteria transmission during rescue breathing. However, their effectiveness in clinical practice remains unknown. Resuscitation Council Recommendations The Resuscitation Council recommends that individuals trained in CPR should perform both rescue breaths and compressions whenever possible. This is particularly important for children, asphyxial cardiac arrest victims (e.g., drowning), and cases with delayed EMS response. Compression-only CPR should only be performed if rescuers are unable to give rescue breaths. The latest CPR guidelines are the 2021 UK and European Resuscitation Council guidelines. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3515/Improving_breaths-01.jpg Yes 141 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/advanced-decision-and-dnr-cpr-in-basic-life-support https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2907.mp4 Advanced Decision and DNR CPR in Basic Life Support Respecting Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders in Emergency Care This guide provides essential information about understanding and respecting DNR orders during resuscitation scenarios. What are DNR Orders? DNR orders are legal directives made by patients, often those with terminal illnesses, choosing not to undergo resuscitation efforts at the end of life. These decisions are made in consultation with medical professionals and family members. Identification of DNR Orders DNR orders are usually documented on a red form, signed by the patient, their GP, and nursing staff. The patient's cognitive ability to make such a decision is crucial during the process. Protocol for Healthcare Providers Presence of DNR Orders During an Emergency It is mandatory for a DNR order to be physically present and accessible during a cardiac arrest or at the time of death. Family members should be able to present the DNR order to healthcare providers before resuscitation begins. Actions in the Absence of DNR Orders In cases where a DNR order is not readily available or there is uncertainty, healthcare providers have a duty of care to initiate resuscitation. Always verify the existence of a DNR order before ceasing resuscitation efforts. Guidance for Responding to DNR Orders Verification is Key If informed about a DNR order verbally, request to see the document. If in doubt, proceed with resuscitation until further clarification is obtained. Legal Protection for Rescuers Attempting resuscitation in the absence of a DNR order is legally protected. It is better to err on the side of caution and begin resuscitation until qualified medical personnel arrive or until you receive official confirmation to stop. Conclusion DNR orders are vital in respecting the end-of-life wishes of patients. However, in emergency situations, always seek to confirm the presence of a DNR order before altering standard resuscitation procedures. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5207/Advanced_Decision_and_DNR_CPR_in_Basic_Life_Support-01.jpg Yes 177 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/update-on-aed-pad-placement https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7111.mp4 Update on AED pad placement 2025 UK Resuscitation and ERC Guidelines on AED Pad Placement The latest 2025 Resuscitation Council UK (RCUK) and European Resuscitation Council (ERC) updates have introduced important changes to the recommended placement of AED pads for adults, children, and infants. These updates are based on new evidence intended to improve the effectiveness of defibrillation and increase survival rates. Why AED Pad Placement Has Changed For many years, AED pads have included diagrams showing where to place them on the chest. However, with the release of the new guidelines, these diagrams may now be out of date. This is because AED pad manufacturers still hold large quantities of older stock, and it could take up to five years for all pads in circulation to reflect the updated placements. Until then, the diagram on the pad may not match the new recommended positions. For the best chance of a successful shock, you should follow the latest RCUK and ERC guidance, even if the printed diagram suggests something different. Updated AED Pad Placement for Adults For adults, the new recommended placement is: Left-side pad: Position this pad under the left armpit. This placement improves the pathway of the electrical shock across the heart. Right-side pad: This pad remains in the traditional position on the upper right chest. Important note for female casualties: avoid placing the right-side pad over breast tissue; adjust slightly if needed to maintain full contact with the skin. Updated AED Pad Placement for Children (Under 25 kg or Approx. Under 8 Years) For smaller children, the recommended placement has also changed: Front pad: Place it on the chest but slightly offset to the child’s left side, rather than directly centred. Back pad: The rear pad position remains the same as before. For older children and adolescents, AED placement remains the same as adult positioning (front and back, standard locations). New Guidance for Infants One of the most notable updates is the introduction of clear guidance on AED use for infants. Many rescuers may not have been taught this previously, but AEDs can and should be used on infants in cardiac arrest. The new recommended placement is: Back pad: Place one pad in the centre of the infant’s back. Front pad: Position the second pad on the chest, slightly offset to the infant’s left side. This placement ensures an effective shock pathway while accommodating the much smaller chest size of an infant. Key Takeaway Always follow the latest Resuscitation Council UK and ERC guidelines rather than relying solely on the diagrams printed on AED pads. These changes are designed to improve defibrillation effectiveness and provide the best possible outcome for the casualty. Whether you are treating an adult, a child, or an infant, knowing the correct AED pad placement can be life-saving. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12842/Update_on_AED_pad_placement.jpg Yes 83 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/video/aed-intro-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/107.mp4 AED Introduction Understanding Automatic External Defibrillators (AEDs) 1. What is an AED? An AED, or automatic external defibrillator, explained. There is a common misconception that AEDs restart the heart, but their role is to interrupt abnormal heart activity. 2. AEDs and Heart Function Understanding how AEDs work to restore a normal heart rhythm. Electric activity in the heart can lead to abnormal twitching rather than a meaningful pulse. An AED delivers a shock to interrupt this electric activity, allowing the heart's natural pacemakers to restart it in a normal rhythm. AEDs advise a shock only when detecting specific shockable rhythms, such as ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). 3. Types of AED Units Exploring different AED models and their operation. Semi-automatic AEDs require manual activation of the shock button when advised. Automatic AEDs initiate shocks automatically when necessary. 4. Future AED Videos Stay tuned for upcoming videos that delve into AEDs in greater detail and provide guidance on their usage. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/167/AED_Introduction-01.jpg Yes 106 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/diabetes-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/439.mp4 Diabetes Diabetes Overview Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is the less common form, accounting for 5% to 15% of all diabetes cases. It results from the body's inability to produce any insulin and cannot be prevented. Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes, often associated with adulthood, is typically linked to being overweight. In this form, the body cannot produce enough insulin. Common Diabetes Symptoms The most prevalent symptoms of diabetes include: Increased thirst Weight loss Blurred vision Tiredness Frequent urination Slow healing of wounds The modern lifestyle, characterized by a poor diet and lack of exercise, is contributing to the rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes in the UK Currently, there are approximately 2.5 million people living with diabetes in the UK. It is estimated that more than half a million people have the condition but are unaware of it. Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia refers to excessively high blood sugar levels, while hypoglycemia signifies dangerously low blood sugar levels, often treated with a sugar drink. Treatment for Diabetic Emergencies For diabetic emergencies, treatments include: Glucose liquids Glucose gels Glucose tablets Early treatment is crucial in managing diabetic emergencies. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/825/Diabetes-01.jpg Yes 317 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/plasters https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/287.mp4 Applying Plasters Guide to Using Plasters for Wound Care Understanding Plasters Plasters provide a simple yet effective means of safeguarding and maintaining the cleanliness of minor injuries. Choosing the Right Plaster Plasters come in various types and sizes, so it's essential to make the correct selection: Types: Waterproof, fabric, or gauze. Quality: Higher-quality plasters offer superior adhesive properties, ensuring better protection in all conditions. Ensuring Sterility Plasters are always sterile and typically found in most first-aid kits. Follow these steps to maintain their cleanliness: Sizes: Available in various shapes and sizes, including round plasters for small wounds and finger-shaped plasters for fingertip injuries. Hygiene: Always wear gloves to prevent contamination and infection. Application Process Here's how to correctly apply a plaster: Inspect: Examine the wound site for cleanliness and suitability. Prepare: Peel back the plaster to expose the adhesive side. Apply: Carefully attach the plaster, removing any remaining backing paper. Secure: Ensure the plaster is firmly in place and that there is no bleeding seeping through. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/521/Applying_plasters.jpg Yes 71 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/abcds-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/95.mp4 DRcABCDE approach The DRcABCDE Approach: A Structured Method for Emergency Patient Assessment The DRcABCDE approach is a clear, structured method used to assess, prioritise, and treat any patient in an emergency situation. It ensures that the most immediately life-threatening problems are identified and managed first. Current guidelines continue to emphasise that DRcABCDE must be used on every unwell or injured patient, from minor illness to major trauma. What Does DRcABCDE Stand For? The sequence is designed around what will kill the casualty first if not treated: Danger Response Catastrophic Bleeding Airway Breathing Circulation Disability Exposure D – Danger Before approaching the casualty, stop and check for danger. Ensure your safety, the casualty’s safety, and the safety of others Look for hazards such as traffic, electricity, fire, violence, sharp objects, or unstable structures If the scene is unsafe, do not enter. You cannot help if you become the next casualty. R – Response Check whether the casualty is responsive: Speak clearly: “Can you hear me? Are you alright?” If there is no response, apply a gentle shoulder tap This helps assess their level of consciousness and whether urgent help is needed. If the casualty is unresponsive or responding poorly, call emergency services immediately and put your phone on speaker. c – Catastrophic Bleeding Catastrophic bleeding is managed before the airway. If you identify severe, life-threatening bleeding, control it immediately. There is no benefit in CPR if blood is rapidly leaving the body. Apply direct pressure Use a haemostatic dressing if available Apply a tourniquet when appropriate Uncontrolled blood loss can be fatal within minutes, making this an absolute priority. A – Airway Once catastrophic bleeding is controlled, open and check the airway. Use a head tilt and chin lift if no spinal injury is suspected Use a jaw thrust if spinal trauma is suspected Remove visible obstructions only — never perform blind finger sweeps A clear airway is essential. Without it, breathing cannot occur and oxygen cannot reach the brain. B – Breathing Assess breathing by looking, listening, and feeling for up to 10 seconds. If not breathing normally or only gasping, start CPR immediately and send for an AED If breathing is present, assess the rate, depth, and effort Look for: Chest rise and symmetry Wheezing or abnormal sounds Signs of respiratory distress or chest injury C – Circulation Check circulation and look for signs of shock. Pale, cold, or clammy skin Rapid pulse Ongoing bleeding Reduced level of consciousness In cardiac arrest, do not waste time checking for a pulse. In breathing casualties, a quick pulse check can help assess circulation. Treat shock early: Lay the casualty flat Keep them warm Treat the underlying cause D – Disability This stage assesses neurological status. Use the AVPU scale: A – Alert V – Responds to Voice P – Responds to Pain U – Unresponsive Also check for: Pupil changes Confusion or agitation Seizures Signs of head injury Consider low blood glucose as a reversible cause where appropriate. E – Exposure Fully expose the casualty to identify any hidden injuries, while maintaining dignity. Look for wounds, burns, swelling, rashes, or bleeding Check for medical alert jewellery or tags Prevent heat loss and monitor for hypothermia. Cover the casualty again as soon as possible. Why the DRcABCDE Approach Works The DRcABCDE approach is effective because it is simple, structured, and prioritises immediate threats to life. This assessment must be repeated continuously. As the casualty’s condition changes, your actions must adapt. Using DRcABCDE helps you stay calm, organised, and focused, giving every casualty the best possible chance of survival and recovery. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/143/DRcABCDE.jpg Yes 276 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/introduction-to-paediatric-first-aid-annual-refresher https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1729.mp4 Course introduction Welcome to the ProTrainings Paediatric First Aid Annual Refresher Course Course Overview This course is designed to refresh the skills of individuals who have previously completed our blended or classroom Paediatric First Aid training. Course Structure Video Learning: Watch a series of videos. Knowledge Review: Answer knowledge review questions. Completion Test: Take a short completion test. Flexible Learning: Start and stop the course at your convenience, and resume where you left off. Device Compatibility: Access the course on any device, from computer to smartphone or tablet. Additional Features Video Pinning: Pin the video to the top of your screen for simultaneous viewing of video and text. Subtitles: Access subtitles by clicking the CC icon for enhanced learning. Support: Receive additional help if you answer questions incorrectly initially. Completion Certificates: Print your completion certificate, certified CPD statement, and evidenced-based learning statement upon passing the test. Course Access: Access the course for 8 months from the start date, even after completing the test. Resources and Updates: Access training resources and check regularly for new course material. Company Solutions If you are responsible for staff training: Company Dashboards: Explore free company dashboards tailored for workplace training needs. Contact Us: For more information, contact us via email, phone, or online chat. Email Notifications Stay updated: Weekly Emails: Receive Monday morning emails to keep your skills current and informed about new course content and blog updates. Subscription Management: Opt-in or opt-out of emails at any time. We hope you enjoy your course experience. Thank you for choosing ProTrainings. Good luck! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3057/Course_introduction-01.jpg Yes 139 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/spinal-injury-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/115.mp4 Spinal Injury Managing Suspected Spinal Injuries: A First-Aider's Guide The Critical Importance of Spinal Injury Care The spine houses the irreplaceable spinal cord responsible for transmitting messages from the brain to the body. Any damage to the spinal cord is irreversible and can lead to varying degrees of paralysis, depending on the injury's location: Lower Lumbar Damage: Can result in loss of leg function. Higher Damage: Can affect control of vital organs, like respiration. Golden Rule for Spinal Injury Management When dealing with a person potentially having a spinal injury, remember: DO NOT MOVE THEM. First-Aider Responsibilities When faced with a patient suspected of a spinal injury, as a first-aider, follow these crucial steps: Support and Stabilize: Ensure the patient's head and neck are supported, instruct them not to move, and keep looking straight ahead. Maintain Position: Keep the patient's body in the same position as found, treating every case as a potential spinal injury. Exceptions to the Rule There are a few scenarios where you might need to move the patient: Immediate Danger: If the patient is in an immediate life-threatening situation, such as a burning car, their safety takes precedence. Not Breathing (CPR Required): In cases requiring CPR, carefully move the patient onto their back while stabilizing the head. Risk of Choking (Vomiting): If the patient is vomiting and at risk of choking, use the log roll technique to move them onto their side for safe vomit drainage. Remember the "SPINAL" Mnemonic Recall these steps using the "SPINAL" mnemonic: Safety (S): Ensure safety for both you and the patient. Patient (P): Advise the patient not to move. Immobilise (I): Protect the patient's airway and maintain head stability. Neutral (N): Keep the head in a neutral position. Assess (A): Evaluate for other injuries, but only if it's safe to do so. Leave Alone (L): Avoid moving the patient unless absolutely necessary. Final Thoughts Always remember, as a first-aider, refrain from moving someone suspected of a spinal injury unless it's an absolute necessity. Maintain their position, provide head and neck support, ensure emergency services are on the way, offer reassurance, and keep the patient calm. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/183/Spinal_Injury-01.jpg Yes 177 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/calling-the-ems https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/868.mp4 Calling the Emergency Services Activating Emergency Medical Services: A Vital Process Immediate First Aid Providing initial first aid is essential, but remember to promptly involve the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) for professional assistance. Unified Emergency Number Regardless of the specific emergency service required, the contact number remains consistent. A delay in activating the EMS can have severe consequences: Call 999 or 112: These numbers are universally effective; choose either when in need. Both can be dialled from mobiles and landline phones. Effective Communication When making the call, consider using a hands-free or speakerphone mode to allow multitasking while communicating with the emergency services. They will guide you accordingly: Priority Categorization: The EMS will assess the situation and classify the call by priority. Examples include Category A for life-threatening scenarios and Category B for less critical cases. Service Selection: Specify the required service, which could be an ambulance, fire, police, Coast Guard, or other relevant services. The EMS may dispatch additional units as necessary. Clear Information: Provide a concise description of the situation initially. Answer any further questions as needed. Detailed location information is vital. Location Precision Ensuring accurate location details is critical. Use technology like 'what3words' or location apps for precise coordinates. The EMS can sometimes track your location via phone signals: Scene Safety: Make the environment safe and accessible for the emergency services. Unlock doors, illuminate the area, and secure pets if applicable. Workplace Awareness: Inform colleagues and reception about the EMS's impending arrival to prevent confusion. Assistance Guide: If others are present, delegate someone to meet and guide the EMS to your location, enhancing efficiency. Alternative Contact Methods Consider scenarios where traditional phone calls may not be possible, such as remote locations: Use of Radios: Learn how to operate two-way radios or satellite phones when needed for emergencies. Text Communication: If hearing-impaired, set up emergency service notification via text messages (details available in the download area). Keeping the Line Open If circumstances change or you require updates, don't hesitate to call EMS again. They can stay on the line to assist until their arrival. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/1509/Calling_the_Emergency_Services-01.jpg Yes 265 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/minor-injuries https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1617.mp4 Minor Injuries Dealing with Minor Injuries: First Aid Guide Introduction First aid encompasses not only serious accidents but also addressing minor injuries. This guide explores various minor injuries and how to provide initial care. 1. Dealing with Minor Cuts Minor cuts can be managed easily: Clean the wound area. Apply a plaster. Monitor for possible infection. 2. Handling Blisters Blisters can result from ill-fitting shoes or friction: Keep the area clean and dry. Pat it dry; do not rub to avoid bursting. Cover with a plaster to reduce friction. Consider changing footwear if the cause persists. 3. Coping with Workplace Blisters Blisters can occur at work, such as from using tools: Key Points: Avoid bursting blisters to prevent infection. 4. Treating Small Scratches Small scratches require minimal care: Check for dirt in the wound. Clean the wound. Consider using a plaster. 5. Removing Splinters Splinters may be caused by wood, metal, or plastic: Remove by pushing from the base gently. Clean the area once the splinter is out. Plaster application may be optional. If unable to remove, seek medical help. 6. Handling Thorns Thorns can usually be pulled out with tweezers: Key Points: Ensure the entire thorn is removed. Check for signs of infection in the following days. 7. Addressing Cut Lips Cut lips may not always require a plaster: Instruct the patient to hold a dressing over the wound until bleeding stops. Advise them to avoid talking, which can reopen the wound. Cut lips typically heal quickly. 8. Treating Cuts Inside the Mouth Cuts inside the mouth can be handled with care: Use cotton wool or dressing to apply direct pressure. Assist in controlling bleeding. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2865/minor_injury-01.jpg Yes 168 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/asthma-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/185.mp4 Asthma Asthma: Symptoms, Treatment, and First Aid Understanding Asthma Learn about the common yet often underestimated life-threatening condition. Asthma Basics: Explore the intermittent, reversible airway obstructions characterizing asthma. Airway Impact: Understand how asthma affects the airways and triggers. Severity Spectrum: Discover the varying levels of asthma, from mild to fatal. Asthma Statistics: Get insights into the prevalence and impact of asthma in the UK. Recognizing Asthma Attacks Identify the signs and symptoms of asthma attacks, from moderate to life-threatening. Moderate Attack: Understand symptoms like breathing difficulties, coughing, and anxiety. Severe Attack: Learn about the need for professional help, nebulisers, and steroids. Life-Threatening Signs: Recognize indicators like altered consciousness, cyanosis, and more. Immediate Action: Know the importance of calling EMS when severe symptoms arise. Managing Asthma Discover how asthma sufferers can effectively manage their condition and the role of medication. Asthma Medications: Learn about preventive and treatment inhalers. Inhaler Usage: Understand how to correctly use an inhaler. Support During an Attack: Provide reassurance and assistance during an asthma attack. First-Time Attack: Recognize when a first-time asthma attack requires immediate medical attention. First Aid Guidelines: Follow first aid steps suitable for both adults and children. Informing Parents and Recording Ensure proper communication and documentation when dealing with a child's asthma attack. Parental Notification: Inform parents if a child experiences an asthma attack under your care. Record Keeping: Document asthma cases in an accident book, especially in a work setting. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/321/Asthma-01.jpg Yes 346 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/permission-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/98.mp4 Asking permission and consent to help Obtaining Consent in First Aid Situations Introduction and Permission When faced with a first aid scenario, it's crucial to follow proper protocol, beginning with a courteous introduction. Always introduce yourself and request the patient's permission to offer assistance. Consent Verification If the patient grants consent, whether through verbal affirmation, a nod, or by extending an injured limb for examination, you are legally authorized to proceed with your assistance. Respecting Patient's Wishes If, however, the patient declines your aid, you must respect their decision and refrain from any form of intervention. In such cases: Emergency Services: If the patient refuses help, promptly contact the emergency services for professional assistance. Refer to Supervisors or Family: Consider involving the patient's supervisor or family members to address their concerns and provide reassurance. Open Communication: Engage in a compassionate conversation with the patient, focusing on comforting and calming them despite your inability to assist directly. Unconscious Patients Even when dealing with an unconscious casualty, the principles of consent still apply. In such instances, consent may be implied as most individuals in this condition would likely accept aid if conscious: Verbal Interaction: Communicate with the unconscious patient as speaking to them can offer comfort. Hearing is often one of the last senses to diminish. Workplace Duty of Care It's important to recognize that in the workplace, as a designated first aider, you may hold a duty of care towards employees or colleagues. In such circumstances, the injured party may be required to seek your assistance: Employee Seeking Help: In situations where you have a duty of care, the casualty may be compelled to approach you for assistance. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/149/ProTrainings-01.jpg Yes 217 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/chain-of-survival-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/94.mp4 Chain of Survival The Chain of Survival: Giving Cardiac Arrest Patients the Best Chance of Survival The Chain of Survival describes the essential steps that give a person in cardiac arrest the best possible chance of surviving and recovering with a good quality of life. Each link in the chain is vital, and every second counts. If any one link is weak or delayed, the chances of survival fall dramatically. When all links are strong, outcomes improve and more people return to their families and communities. Link 1: Early Recognition and Calling for Help The first link focuses on recognising serious illness early and calling for help before cardiac arrest occurs. Early warning signs may include: Sudden collapse Difficulty breathing Chest pain Rapid deterioration or reduced responsiveness If you suspect someone is becoming seriously unwell or unresponsive, call the emergency services immediately. Early activation of emergency medical services (EMS) ensures advanced care is on the way as soon as possible. In some cases, early intervention may even prevent cardiac arrest from happening. Link 2: Early CPR and Defibrillation This link is about preserving the brain and restarting the heart. If a person becomes unresponsive and is not breathing normally, they are in cardiac arrest. Start CPR immediately High-quality chest compressions maintain blood flow to the brain and vital organs Defibrillation is the next critical step. Early use of an AED (Automated External Defibrillator) dramatically improves survival. Modern AEDs are safe, simple to use, and provide clear voice prompts. The sooner a shock is delivered, the greater the chance of restoring a normal heart rhythm. Link 3: Advanced and Post-Resuscitation Care When the heart restarts, this is known as ROSC – Return of Spontaneous Circulation. At this point, care must continue immediately. This stage focuses on optimising brain and heart function and preventing further deterioration. Key priorities include: Maintaining adequate oxygenation and ventilation Stabilising blood pressure Treating ongoing or recurrent arrhythmias Identifying and correcting reversible causes This phase is critical for protecting the brain, supporting the heart, and reducing the risk of another cardiac arrest. Link 4: Survival and Recovery The final link focuses on restoring quality of life. Survival is not just about restarting the heart. It is about helping the person recover physically, mentally, and emotionally. This stage may involve: Specialist neurological care Rehabilitation and physiotherapy Management of long-term heart or medical conditions Emotional and psychological support Good post-resuscitation care helps patients regain independence and return to a meaningful life after cardiac arrest. Why the Chain of Survival Matters The Chain of Survival highlights that every link matters: Early Recognition and Calling for Help Early CPR and Defibrillation Advanced and Post-Resuscitation Care Survival and Recovery When each link is strong, more lives are saved, and more people return to their families and communities with positive long-term outcomes. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/141/Chain_of_Survival.jpg Yes 187 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/nose-bleeds https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/832.mp4 Nose bleeds Dealing with Nosebleeds: Causes and Treatment 1. Common Occurrence Nosebleeds are a frequent occurrence in both children and adults. While they are typically easy to treat and often do not recur, they can be distressing for children and embarrassing for adults. Nosebleeds are usually caused by the close proximity of blood vessels to the skin in the nasal area, making them susceptible to damage from various factors. Possible Causes: Nosebleeds can result from factors such as inserting objects into the nose, stress, illness, physical impacts to the nose, or facial injuries. Caution: When addressing a nosebleed, exercise extreme care if you suspect a possible nasal fracture or external injuries. 2. First Aid for Nosebleeds Providing immediate care for someone experiencing a nosebleed is essential. Follow these steps: Sit Them Down: Have the individual sit down to avoid any accidents. Offer Comfort: If necessary, provide reassurance and help them stay calm. Forward Leaning Position: Instruct them to lean forward to prevent blood from flowing down the throat, which can lead to vomiting or nausea. Pinch the Nose: Ask them to pinch the soft part of their nose. This action applies pressure and aids in stopping the bleeding. Provide a Bowl: Offer a bowl to allow them to spit out the blood rather than swallowing it. Offer Tissues: If needed, provide tissues for use during the treatment. Apply Pressure: Advise them to maintain pressure on the nose for at least 10 minutes. Check for Bleeding: After 10 minutes, gently remove their fingers to check if the bleeding has ceased. Repeat if Necessary: If bleeding persists, repeat the pressure application for another 10 minutes. Seek Medical Assistance: If the bleeding persists beyond 30 minutes, it is advisable to seek medical attention. 3. Preventive Measures Ensure the person understands the following preventive measures: Refrain from: Advising them to avoid actions like sniffing, coughing, blowing their nose, or talking, as these activities can trigger bleeding and hinder the healing process. Regular Nosebleeds: If nosebleeds occur frequently, they may indicate an underlying issue. In such cases, consulting a doctor is recommended. It's worth noting that children who experience regular nosebleeds often outgrow them without requiring medical treatment. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/1449/Nose_bleeds-01.jpg Yes 107 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/infant-choking-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/172.mp4 Infant Choking How to Respond When an Infant is Choking Choking is a critical emergency, especially in infants, requiring swift and effective intervention to prevent severe outcomes. Understanding Choking in Infants Infants are more prone to choking on food or small objects. Quick action is essential in these situations to ensure their safety. Mild vs. Severe Choking Mild Obstruction: Some air passage remains, and the infant can cough. Severe Obstruction: Airway is completely blocked, preventing breathing, crying, or coughing. Immediate Actions for Severe Choking Follow these steps carefully to assist a choking infant: Step 1: Back Blows Lay the infant face down along your thigh while sitting. Support their head with one hand. With the heel of your other hand, give up to five firm back-blows between the shoulder blades. Check between blows for any dislodged obstruction. Step 2: Checking the Mouth Turn the infant over and lay them on your leg face-up to inspect their mouth: Remove visible obstructions carefully. Avoid blind finger sweeps. Step 3: Chest Thrusts While the infant is still lying face-up on your leg, locate the breastbone. Perform up to five chest thrusts using two thumbs with your hands around the chest, pressing inwards and downwards. Repeat back blows and chest thrusts if the obstruction remains. If the Infant Becomes Unconscious Immediately check for breathing and prepare to start CPR if there is no breath. Call Emergency Services or have someone call them if not done already. Conclusion Being prepared to act in a choking emergency can save an infant's life. Practice and familiarity with these procedures can make a critical difference. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/297/infant_choking.jpg Yes 231 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/febrile-convulsions-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/177.mp4 Febrile convulsions Febrile Convulsions in Children Overview Febrile convulsions are seizures that can occur in children with high temperatures. They are typically seen in children between 6 months and 6 years old. Causes Febrile Illnesses: Febrile convulsions often accompany illnesses causing high temperatures, such as flu or ear infections. Vaccinations: Convulsions may occur 8 - 14 days after certain vaccinations, though they are more commonly associated with the measles virus itself. Symptoms Appearance: Hot and flushed skin, dazed or confused, may lose consciousness. Muscle Symptoms: Muscle tightening, twitching, shaking, arching of the back, clenched fists. Other Symptoms: May stop breathing briefly, loss of bladder or bowel control, sweating. Patient Care Safety Measures: Place the child on a flat surface, clear the area around them, and pad with towels to prevent injury. Loosen Clothing: Ensure clothing is loose, especially around the neck. Do Not Restrict: Do not restrain the child's movements. Protect Airways: Do not insert anything into the mouth; clear vomit or food from the vicinity. Cooling: Cool the room, loosen clothing, but do not sponge or bathe the child. Recovery Position: Place the child in the recovery position. Medication: Administer paracetamol as directed to lower temperature; avoid ibuprofen for children under six months. Monitor Vital Signs: Keep track of the child's vital signs and report any concerns to a doctor. Emergency Action Activate emergency medical services (EMS) if: The child's condition does not improve after the convulsion. The seizure is focused on one part of the body. Breathing difficulties occur or the seizure lasts more than 15 minutes. Another seizure follows shortly after the first. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/305/Febrile_convulsions-01.jpg Yes 295 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/types-of-bleeding-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/112.mp4 Types of Bleed Managing Different Types of Bleeding 1. Capillary Bleeding Capillary bleeding occurs in superficial abrasion wounds and usually stops in a few minutes. If needed, bandage the wound, avoiding adhesive contact with the abrasion. 2. Venous Bleeding Venous bleeding, while not as severe as arterial bleeding, involves steady oozing of dark red blood. Follow these steps: Apply direct pressure with a bandage or gloved hand. Do not lift the bandage to check for clotting; lift your hand to inspect for blood seepage. If necessary, have the patient hold the dressing in place. Use roller gauze to secure the bandage, starting at the distal end (away from the heart). If bleeding persists, activate EMS. 3. Arterial Bleeding Arterial bleeding is characterized by bright red blood that may pulsate or spurt. Follow these steps: Apply direct pressure with a dressing. If blood seeps through, remove and dispose of the old dressing, and add a new dressing over the injury. If significant bleeding continues, consider removing all dressings and reapplying. Use your judgment to determine if additional pressure is needed. If there are no bone fractures or spinal cord injuries, elevate the wound above the heart. Secure the dressing with roller gauze, starting at the distal end and working towards the heart. You can twist the gauze for added pressure. Check for any blood seepage and ensure the bandage is not causing a tourniquet effect. Elevate the wound, and either call EMS or transport the patient to the nearest hospital. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/177/Types_of_Bleed-01.jpg Yes 125 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/fears-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/97.mp4 Fears of First Aid Addressing Common Fears in First Aid Training People attending first aid training often express initial reluctance due to various fears and concerns. Addressing these fears and demonstrating how they can be easily managed makes the training more enjoyable and understandable. Fear of Infection Some participants worry about coming into contact with blood, vomit, or other bodily fluids. First aid training teaches the effective use of barriers such as gloves and face shields to protect first aiders from infections like HIV or Hepatitis. Fear of Doing Harm The fear of doing something wrong or hurting the patient is common, especially when delivering chest compressions during CPR. It is important to remember that a non-breathing patient with no heartbeat is already in a critical state, and CPR can only help. The most harm would come from not performing chest compressions at all. Your training will help you respond appropriately to various situations. Fear of Litigation Concerns about potential litigation can be addressed through proper training. If you always ask for permission to help, follow the rules and workplace policies, and act within the boundaries of your training, the likelihood of being sued is low. Fear for Personal Safety First aiders should prioritize their own safety to avoid becoming patients themselves. Training emphasises the importance of always stopping, thinking, and then acting before approaching any emergency situation. This includes using scene safety measures to ensure your well-being. By addressing these fears in first aid training, participants can gain confidence and be better prepared to handle emergencies effectively and safely. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/147/Fears_of_First_Aid-01.jpg Yes 182 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/infant-recovery-position https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/284.mp4 Infant Recovery Position Recovery Position for Infants Differences in the Recovery Position Using the recovery position for adults and children differs significantly from what you should do when dealing with an infant (under 1 year old). It's crucial to adapt your approach for their specific needs. Steps for Infant Recovery Follow these steps when dealing with an unconscious infant: Cradle the Infant: After confirming no injuries and checking for breathing, cradle the infant in your arms. Hold them facing you with their head tilted downward. Proper Support: Support their body using your arm and one hand while your other hand cradles their head securely. Choking and Vomit Prevention: This position prevents choking on the tongue or inhaling vomit. It also allows for easy monitoring. Continual Monitoring: Regularly check for breathing and assess their circulation by observing the color of their lips. Keep a close watch for signs of regaining consciousness. Comfort and Warmth: Holding them this way provides comfort and warmth to the infant during this critical time. Calling for Help If necessary, you can call emergency services or ask someone for assistance. However, ensure that you remain cautious while moving around. Your primary focus must always be on the infant's well-being, but it's equally important to avoid accidents like slipping, tripping, or falling. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/515/Infant_Recovery_Position-01.jpg Yes 74 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/scene-safety-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/101.mp4 Scene Safety Ensuring Scene Safety: A Crucial Step Understanding the Situation Before taking any action, it's vital to assess the safety of the scene. In this simulated scenario, let's consider a car accident: Initial Caution: Avoid rushing in immediately. Survey the scene for potential hazards and dangers. Multiple Factors: For a car accident, assess the presence of other vehicles, bystanders, and the number of individuals involved. Risk Assessment: Perform a swift risk evaluation, considering various elements. Understanding the Vehicle When approaching a vehicle, be alert to specific risks and potential dangers: Fluid Presence: Check for any spilled fluids, such as water, oil, petrol, or diesel, as they may pose a fire hazard. Glass Hazards: Be cautious of broken glass resulting from the accident. Cargo Inspection: If it's a van or similar vehicle, consider what it may be carrying, especially chemicals or gas. Safe Approach Remember the mantra: Stop, Think, Act. Maintain a strategic approach to ensure safety while offering assistance: Engage From the Front: When communicating with the injured party, approach from the front to prevent unnecessary head movement. Establish Identity: Clearly introduce yourself: "I'm Keith, a first aider. Can I help you?" Maintain communication from a distance during the assessment phase. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Don gloves as a precaution before moving closer to the patient. Ensuring Head Stability When approaching the vehicle, be mindful of potential spinal injuries: Control Head Movement: Politely instruct the individual to keep their head still. This step is especially important in suspected spinal injury cases. Effective Communication Engage in a dialogue with the injured party while maintaining vigilance for any evolving dangers: Gathering Information: Ask pertinent questions such as "Are you alone? Is there anyone else in the vehicle? Are there any hazardous materials in the vehicle?" Comfort and Reassurance: A compassionate and informative approach helps ease the patient's anxiety. Calling for Assistance If the scene reveals minor injuries or conditions you can't manage, promptly activate the appropriate emergency services: Clear Reporting: Clearly communicate the nature of the situation to the emergency services dispatcher. Request Assistance: Depending on the circumstances, request an ambulance, police, or other relevant services as needed. Conclusion These safety procedures apply to various scenarios, whether involving adults in car accidents or children requiring assistance. Prioritising scene safety ensures effective care delivery. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/155/Scene_Safety-01.jpg Yes 285 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/electrocution-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/312.mp4 Electrical Injuries Workplace Electrical Accidents: Risks, Injuries, and First Aid Overview An examination of workplace electrical accidents in the UK, including risks, common injuries, and first aid measures. Statistics Annual Incidents: Approximately 1,000 reported electrical accidents occur in UK workplaces annually. Fatalities: Out of these incidents, 25 result in fatalities. Risk Factors Various sources of electrical hazards within the workplace. Common Sources: Mains electricity, high voltage cables, batteries, static electricity, and even lightning. Common Injuries An analysis of the most prevalent injuries resulting from electrical accidents. Direct Contact: Injuries often stem from direct contact with an electrical charge. Potential Causes: Reasons for contact include poorly maintained equipment, machine interactions with power lines, unsuitable equipment in wet or explosive environments, and contact with underground power lines. Electricity Path: When a body part contacts live electricity, it becomes the conduit for the electrical charge, leading to muscle contractions, potential burns, sparks, and more. Severity and Treatment Factors influencing the severity of electrical injuries and initial first aid steps. Current Impact: The severity depends on the current's strength, duration of contact, and the path it takes through the body. Fatality Risk: Currents as low as 60mA can be fatal in wet conditions, affecting the heart's electrical activity and causing cardiac arrest. Burns: Electricity can lead to severe burns, both entry and exit points, which can be painful and slow to heal. Fire and Explosion: Electrical sparks can trigger fires or explosions. First Aid Immediate actions to take when providing first aid for electrical injuries. Scene Safety: Ensure your own safety before assisting the patient. Assess Breathing: Check if the patient is breathing; initiate CPR if necessary. Unconscious Patients: Place unconscious patients in the recovery position and inspect for additional injuries. Secondary Injuries: Assess for burns, falls, flying objects, sharp wires, or melted plastic. Child Safety Preventing electrical injuries involving children through precautions and awareness. Child Risks: Children can encounter electrical hazards from sockets, playing with equipment, or damaging wires. Precautions: Implement safety measures wherever children and electricity may intersect. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/571/Electrical_Injuries-01.jpg Yes 207 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/adult-cpr-hand-over-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/105.mp4 CPR Hand Over Optimizing CPR Efforts: Sharing the Work and Guidelines 1. The Importance of Sharing CPR Efforts Providing CPR can be physically demanding and exhausting. To maintain effectiveness, consider sharing the work with another rescuer. Collaboration with another rescuer helps alleviate fatigue. CPR training is not essential for the second rescuer; instructions can be provided. 2. Coordinated CPR Assistance Efficiently coordinate CPR efforts with a second rescuer: The primary rescuer guides and demonstrates the required actions while performing chest compressions. During the breaths phase, the second rescuer prepares to immediately resume compressions once the breaths are completed. 3. Rotation Every Two Minutes Maintain CPR effectiveness through regular rotation: Consider swapping roles every two minutes to combat rescuer fatigue. If you have no additional assistance and become tired, focus on chest compressions, taking a break from breaths. 4. Staying Updated with CPR Guidelines Stay informed with the latest CPR guidelines: Adhere to the 2021 UK and European Resuscitation Council guidelines. Stay prepared for future updates and revisions. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/163/CPR_Hand_Over-01.jpg Yes 134 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/shock-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/114.mp4 Shock Understanding Shock: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Shock is defined as a lack of oxygen in the body's tissues. It is a life-threatening condition where the circulatory system fails to provide enough oxygenated blood to the body. Causes of Shock Shock can be triggered by various factors, including: Severe internal or external bleeding Loss of body fluids (e.g., dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, or burns) Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) Infections (e.g., septic shock) Spinal cord injury Types of Shock Hypovolemic Shock Hypovolemic shock occurs when there is a lack of fluid or blood volume in the circulatory system. This results in the heart working harder to pump blood around the body. A common cause of hypovolemic shock is significant blood loss, which can be due to internal or external bleeding. Neurogenic Shock Neurogenic shock is caused by a disruption in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) pathways, often following an injury to the central nervous system, such as a spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury. Complications include sustained and severe hypotension (low blood pressure) and bradycardia (slow heart rate), which can persist for weeks after the injury. The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) The ANS is a part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for involuntary bodily functions, such as: Heart rate regulation Blood pressure control Respiration Digestion The ANS has two main branches: Sympathetic nervous system: Prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses Parasympathetic nervous system: Promotes "rest and digest" activities Cardiogenic Shock Cardiogenic shock is a critical condition in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This leads to inadequate blood flow to vital organs, which can cause severe complications. It is most often caused by a major heart attack, though not everyone who has a heart attack will experience cardiogenic shock. Anaphylactic Shock Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction to substances like food, insect stings, or medications. It is a life-threatening condition and requires immediate treatment. Symptoms of Shock The symptoms of shock include: Rapid and shallow breathing Weak pulse Sweating Pale, clammy, cold skin Blue-grey areas around the lips and extremities Weakness and dizziness Nausea or vomiting Restlessness or aggressive behavior Thirst, yawning, and sighing Loss of consciousness in severe cases First Aid Treatment for Shock If someone is in shock, follow these emergency steps: Call emergency services (EMS) immediately. Check for any visible injuries and provide appropriate treatment. Lay the patient down and elevate their legs 15 to 30 cm to help blood flow to vital organs, unless it causes discomfort or worsens other injuries. Keep the patient warm by covering them with a blanket or coat. Reassure the patient to keep them calm. Do not give them anything to eat or drink, as this could divert blood from vital organs to the stomach. Monitor the patient carefully. If they stop breathing, begin CPR. Fainting: A Mild Form of Shock Fainting is often considered a mild form of shock. It can be treated by laying the person down and elevating their legs. In most cases, fainting does not require calling emergency services, as the person usually recovers quickly. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/181/Shock_and_Fainting-01.jpg Yes 250 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/serious-bleeding-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/113.mp4 Serious Bleeding and Bandaging Controlling Bleeding: First Aid Guidance Understanding Bleeding Bleeding Sources: Injuries can lead to bleeding from various body parts, posing a life-threatening and distressing situation for both the patient and the first aider. Staying Calm and Taking Action Maintain Composure: When faced with bleeding, remain calm and rely on your training, as it may appear worse than it is. First Step: Ensure you are wearing gloves, as with all first aid procedures. Controlling Serious Bleeding Direct Pressure: The initial approach to control serious bleeding is applying direct pressure. This can be done by the patient or with your gloved hand, which aids in blood clotting. Pressure Bandage: For cuts, consider using a sterile pressure bandage. Check the dressing's expiry date and, if expired, use it only if no other option is available. Opening the Dressing: Tear open the packet to access the bandage with a gauze pad. Avoid removing embedded objects from the wound. Applying the Dressing Immediate Action: If possible, ask the patient to apply direct pressure with a sterile gauze pad while you put on gloves. Patient Position: Seat or lay the patient down, minimizing the risk of injury in case of fainting. Calling for Help: If the bleeding is severe, instruct a bystander to call for an ambulance. If alone, make the call after dressing application. Proper Dressing Application: Apply the dressing distally (away from the heart) towards the body, maintaining enough pressure to stop bleeding without obstructing circulation. Leakage: If blood seeps through the first dressing, remove it, assess the wound, and apply a fresh dressing. This indicates a serious bleed requiring immediate medical assistance. Arm Sling: Once bleeding is stable, immobilize the arm using a sling if applicable. Circulation Check Monitoring: After dressing application, check circulation by testing for capillary refill, especially if the dressing is on an arm. General Bleeding Cases Body Cuts: Similar procedures apply to any other type of cut. Use a dressing pad for direct pressure or secure it with a bandage if possible. Addressing Shock Shock Concern: In cases of serious bleeding, watch for signs of shock. If shock occurs, lay the patient down and elevate their legs if feasible. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/179/Serious_Bleeding_and_Bandaging-01.jpg Yes 173 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/other-injuries-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/292.mp4 Other Types of Injury Types of Injuries and First Aid Procedures 1. Contusion A contusion, often referred to as a bruise or the result of a blunt blow, can vary in appearance due to individual differences. For instance, the elderly or young individuals may bruise more easily. First Aid: Applying a cold compress can help alleviate pain, reduce blood flow, and minimize swelling. 2. Abrasion An abrasion is characterized by a scrape to the skin, usually considered a minor injury. In many cases, rinsing the affected area with clean water or a saline solution may suffice. First Aid: Since it typically involves small capillary cuts and minimal skin removal, covering the area may not be necessary, as bleeding often stops quickly. 3. Laceration Lacerations are rough tears in the skin, often occurring in scenarios like catching one's hand on barbed wire. They can be serious and require treatment similar to that for serious bleeding. 4. Incision An incision refers to a clean cut, which can be caused by, for example, a knife. Depending on the location and depth of the cut, incisions can be serious and even life-threatening. 5. Puncture Puncture wounds involve objects piercing directly into the skin, such as stab wounds. These can also be serious, and treatment should follow the guidelines for serious bleeding. If the object remains in the body, leave it in place and bandage around it. 6. Velocity Velocity injuries occur when an object passes through the body, as in gunshot wounds. This type of injury is severe and is treated as a case of serious bleeding. The extent of damage may not be immediately apparent, so prompt medical assistance is crucial. 7. Amputation Amputation involves the removal of a body part, whether it's a finger, wrist, or leg. The severity of this condition varies depending on the affected body part. First aid includes keeping the patient calm, addressing shock, and treating for serious bleeding. Notify emergency medical services (EMS) and handle the severed body part by wrapping it in cling film or a plastic bag, followed by gauze or soft fabric. Place it in a container of ice, ensuring direct contact with ice is avoided. Label the container with the accident time and provide it to the EMS team. 8. De-gloving De-gloving occurs when all the skin is removed from a body part, such as when a ring becomes entangled in machinery. This can be a distressing and severe injury. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/531/Other_Types_of_Injury-01.jpg Yes 165 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/allergic-reactions-anaphylaxis https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/720.mp4 Allergic reactions and Anaphylaxis treatment Allergies and Anaphylaxis: A Comprehensive Guide Understanding Allergies Allergies are adverse reactions that occur when the body responds to specific foods or environmental substances. These reactions are triggered by substances known as allergens. Common allergens include pollen, latex, nuts, eggs, and pet dander. How Allergies Develop Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to allergens as if they were harmful invaders. The immune system produces antibodies to combat these allergens, leading to an immune response. Upon subsequent exposure, the body produces more antibodies, causing the release of chemicals that result in an allergic reaction. Common Allergic Disorders Allergies can manifest as various disorders, including: Asthma Eczema Hay Fever Symptoms of allergies can range from sneezing and coughing to skin rashes. The nature of symptoms depends on the type of allergen exposure. Understanding Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can affect the respiratory system and become life-threatening. Anaphylaxis can result from allergen exposure through ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, or injections (e.g., bee stings). Allergic reactions vary in severity, including sensitivity (exaggerated normal side effects) and intolerance (unpleasant symptoms unrelated to the immune system). Anaphylactic reactions are the most severe and require immediate medical attention. Treatment for Anaphylaxis Treatment for anaphylaxis often involves the use of auto-injectors, which deliver a pre-set dose of adrenaline to reduce symptoms until emergency help arrives. Common signs and symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction include: Itchy skin or raised red rash Swelling of eyes, lips, hands, or feet Lightheadedness or fainting Narrowing of airways (wheezing, breathing difficulties) Abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting Eventually collapsing and unconsciousness Anaphylaxis should always be treated as a medical emergency. If you suspect an anaphylactic reaction, dial 999 for an ambulance immediately. Types of Auto-Injectors Auto-injectors are prescribed by doctors and are not available over the counter. Individuals may have multiple auto-injectors, as a second dose can be administered if needed. Three common auto-injector brands include: EpiPen Emerade Jext Instructions for each auto-injector are clearly printed on the unit. Using Auto-Injectors While instructions may vary, general steps for using auto-injectors include: Remove the safety cap Administer the injection into the thigh Hold in place for a specified time Ensure proper diffusion of adrenaline (rub the area if necessary) After administering adrenaline, keep the person still and await emergency services. Hand over used auto-injectors to assist with medical care. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/1237/Allergic_reactions_and_Anaphylaxis_treatment-01.jpg Yes 386 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/paediatric-fracture https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/241.mp4 Fractures Understanding Fractures and Dislocations Types of Bone Injuries Fractures Fractures are breaks in the bones: Closed fractures: Bone is broken without breaking the skin. Compound fractures: Bone punctures through the skin. Complicated fractures: Involves nerve damage alongside the bone break. Dislocations Dislocations occur when a joint comes out of its normal position: Definition: Joint separation due to trauma. Causes of Fractures Fractures can occur due to various reasons: Falling, being hit, joint pulling or twisting, crushing, or bending of a bone. Symptoms and Signs Recognising fractures by their symptoms: Pain, deformity, bruising, swelling, and immobility around the injured area. May observe limb shortening or difficulty in moving the affected part. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the fracture (e.g., skull vs. leg). Types of Fractures Distinguishing between different fracture types: Closed fractures: Skin remains intact with possible bone crack. Open fractures: Bone protrudes through the skin, causing additional complications like bleeding and distress. Stable fractures: Bone ends remain aligned without movement. Unstable fractures: Bone ends can shift, requiring careful handling to prevent tissue damage. Treatment and First Aid First aid measures for fractures: Immobilize the limb in the found position to prevent further damage. Seek professional medical assistance promptly. Thank you for choosing ProTrainings. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/429/Fractures-01.jpg Yes 188 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/heat-emergencies-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/179.mp4 Heat emergencies Understanding Body Temperature Regulation Introduction The human body is remarkably adept at maintaining and regulating its temperature, even in extreme heat and cold conditions. It employs a combination of conscious actions and automatic mechanisms to achieve this balance. 1. Conscious Temperature Control Humans have the ability to consciously control their body temperature. Some methods include: Adjusting clothing: Adding or removing layers to suit the temperature. Seeking shade: Moving out of direct sunlight to stay cooler. Swimming: A refreshing activity to cool down on hot days. Indoor heating: Using heaters to warm up in colder environments. These actions are deliberate choices we make based on our surroundings. 2. Automatic Temperature Regulation Additionally, our bodies have an automatic thermostat that helps maintain temperature by: Adjusting circulation: Redirecting blood flow to conserve or release heat. Managing heartbeat: Increasing or decreasing heart rate to regulate temperature. Environmental control: Sweating to cool down or shivering to warm up. These mechanisms work seamlessly to keep our body temperature within a healthy range. 3. Heat Exhaustion Problems can arise when the body's thermostat malfunctions, particularly in extreme temperatures. Heat exhaustion is a common issue in hot conditions and manifests with symptoms such as: High body temperature Excessive sweating Rapid breathing General distress To treat heat exhaustion: Move the patient to a cooler environment. Provide small sips of water. Keep them calm and comfortable. 4. Heatstroke Heatstroke is a far more serious condition that occurs when the body's thermostat fails due to extreme heat. Signs of heatstroke include: Absence of sweating Dry skin Elevated body temperature Altered consciousness Do not give fluids to a heatstroke patient, as their body has stopped sweating. Immediate action is crucial: Cool the person down with cold, wet towels or a hose. Continuously monitor their respiration and consciousness. 5. Preventing Heat-Related Issues Dehydration is a common factor in heat-related problems. To avoid these issues: Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water when exposed to higher temperatures. Consider using electrolyte powders or pre-made drinks to maintain hydration, especially during strenuous activities in the heat. Proper hydration is essential for the body to effectively regulate its temperature. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/309/Heat_emergencies-01.jpg Yes 134 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/cold-emergencies-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/180.mp4 Cold emergencies The Dangers of Cold: Understanding Hypothermia and Cold-Related Problems Hypothermia can have severe consequences for the body. Even a slight drop of just two degrees Celsius in body temperature can lead to hypothermia. It's crucial to identify and manage it correctly. Signs of Hypothermia Uncontrollable shivering Disorientation and confusion Possible unresponsiveness Slow and weak pulse (in severe cases) Treatment Avoid rapid reheating as it may lead to complications, even cardiac arrest. Ensure a gradual warming process. Hypothermia can occur indoors, especially among the elderly trying to save on heating costs. Dealing with Wet Clothing and Cold Exposure Wet clothing can draw heat from the body rapidly, up to 20-25 times faster than air. Steps to Follow: Get the person out of the water. Remove wet clothing. Gently pat dry (do not rub) with a dry towel. Warming the Person Even a slight increase in temperature will begin to warm the body. Monitor the patient carefully. Contact Emergency Services Call EMS and provide them with detailed information about the situation and the actions taken for a better assessment of recovery. Frostnip and Frostbite Frostnip Frostnip can cause the skin to freeze, resulting in redness, whiteness, and pain. Treatment for Frostnip Warm the affected areas by having the patient place their fingers under their arms. Frostbite Frostbite is a serious EMS medical emergency involving the freezing of body tissues, muscles, and vessels. Treatment for Frostbite Re-warm gently with water below 40 degrees Celsius. Never rub or massage frostbitten areas. Be prepared for significant pain during the re-warming process. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/311/Cold_emergencies-01.jpg Yes 122 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/adult-choking-conscious-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/110.mp4 Adult Choking Dealing with Choking: Recognizing and Responding 1. Understanding Choking Choking can be categorized as mild or severe, depending on the extent of airway obstruction. 1.1 Mild Choking In cases of mild choking, there's partial blockage in the throat, and the person can still cough, breathe heavily, and may even talk. Common examples include throat blockage due to a fishbone. Initial steps involve calming the person and allowing them to cough, but if the obstruction persists, seek medical help as you can't remove the object yourself. 1.2 Severe Choking Severe choking results from a complete throat blockage, often caused by large food items. The person won't be able to cough and will rapidly deteriorate, necessitating immediate intervention. 2. Recognizing Severe Choking To identify severe choking: Ask, "Are you choking?" and observe for signs. Signs include hands clutching the throat and difficulty breathing. If the person can't respond verbally, look for non-verbal cues of distress. 3. Performing Life-Saving Procedures For severe choking, take these critical actions: 3.1 Back Blows Deliver five back blows between the shoulder blades while ensuring the person leans forward slightly. Watch for the expelled object after each blow. 3.2 Abdominal Thrusts Perform five abdominal thrusts by placing your thumb side just above the belly button and giving inward and upward thrusts. Alternate with back blows until the obstruction clears or the person loses consciousness. 4. Emergency CPR If the person loses consciousness, gently lower them to the ground and initiate CPR chest compressions. The trapped air in the lungs may help expel the obstruction as you compress the chest. 5. Special Consideration for Pregnant Individuals If dealing with choking in a pregnant person, use chest thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts, placing your fists on the middle of the breastbone and performing inward thrusts. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/173/Adult_Choking-01.jpg Yes 310 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/drowning https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/708.mp4 Drowning Responding to Suspected Drowning Incidents 1. Prioritize Safety First When encountering a suspected drowning victim who is unresponsive and not breathing, prioritize safety for yourself and others. 2. Assess the Situation Begin this scenario with the victim on their back, considering potential water-related hazards such as cold water, underwater obstructions, soft beds, or strong currents. 3. Drowning vs. Office Situation Recognize the distinction between a drowning victim and someone not breathing in an office setting. Drowning is more likely due to a respiratory problem. 4. Providing Treatment If someone is present, send them to call the EMS; otherwise, continue with care. Open the airway and check for breathing for 10 seconds. If no breathing is detected, administer five rescue breaths initially. Follow with 30 compressions and two breaths, repeating for one minute. If alone, leave to call for help, following the "call fast approach." Continue CPR with 30 compressions and two breaths until EMS arrives or instructs otherwise. 5. Importance of Initial Rescue Breaths Delivering five initial rescue breaths aims to restart breathing and assess signs of life before proceeding with CPR. 6. Consistency with Child Drowning Protocol It's noteworthy that the sequence for responding to drowning is the same for children aged 1 to 18. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/1213/Drowning.jpg Yes 122 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/introduction-to-choking https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1385.mp4 Choking Recognition Dealing with Choking: Recognize, Assess, and Respond 1. Choking: A Manageable Emergency Choking, while not a common cause of death, often occurs during eating or in social settings. Timely action can be a lifesaver, as victims are initially conscious and responsive. 2. Recognizing Choking Key to a successful response is differentiating choking from other medical emergencies such as fainting, heart attacks, or seizures. Look for signs like sudden respiratory distress, cyanosis, or loss of consciousness. 3. Choking Risk Factors Choking typically happens while eating or drinking and can be more likely in individuals with certain risk factors: Reduced consciousness Drug or alcohol intoxication Neurological impairment affecting swallowing and cough reflex Respiratory disease Mental impairments or dementia Dental problems Older age 4. Identifying Severity of Choking Ask the conscious victim, "Are you choking?" to determine the severity: If they can speak, cough, and breathe, it's a mild obstruction. If they can't speak, have a weakened cough, or struggle to breathe, it's severe. 5. Treatment Approach We'll explore choking treatment in detail in later videos, but here's a brief overview: For mild obstruction, encourage coughing. Back blows, abdominal thrusts, and chest compressions are for severe obstructions. Success rates improve with combinations of techniques. Bystander-initiated chest compressions for unconscious victims can be effective. 6. Aftercare and Seeking Medical Advice Even after successful choking treatment, victims may have residual foreign material in their airways. Look for symptoms like persistent cough or difficulty swallowing and advise victims to seek medical evaluation. Caution: Abdominal thrusts and chest compressions can potentially cause internal injuries, so victims treated with these methods should be examined by medical professionals afterward. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2489/Choking_Recognition-01.jpg Yes 188 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/improving-compressions https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1950.mp4 Improving compressions Delivering High-Quality CPR: Position, Depth, Rate, and Technique Providing high-quality CPR is one of the most important actions you can take during cardiac arrest. Small improvements in technique can significantly increase the amount of blood delivered to the brain and heart, improving survival. Correct Position for CPR The optimal position for delivering CPR is by the side of the casualty. This allows easier movement between chest compressions and rescue breaths and helps maintain good technique. However, compressions can also be delivered from over the head if space is limited. This may be necessary in confined environments such as: Aircraft aisles Buses or coaches Trains or other restricted spaces Compression Depth: Why It Matters Fear of causing harm, fatigue, or limited upper-body strength often leads rescuers to compress too shallowly. This is one of the most common CPR errors. Current guidance recommends that adult chest compressions should be 5–6 centimetres deep. Estimating compression depth is difficult, and evidence shows that compressions are often too shallow. Importantly, compressions that are slightly too deep are far less harmful than compressions that are too shallow. Priority: Ensure adequate compression depth every time. Compression Rate: Finding the Right Speed Large studies involving more than 13,000 patients have shown that the highest survival rates occur when chest compressions are delivered at a rate of: 100–120 compressions per minute When compression rates exceed 120 per minute, compression depth often decreases. For this reason, it is important not to exceed two compressions per second. Minimising Pauses in Chest Compressions Every pause in chest compressions reduces blood flow to vital organs. Pauses commonly occur during: Defibrillation Rescue breaths AED rhythm analysis All interruptions should be kept under 10 seconds wherever possible. Clear communication between rescuers is essential to minimise these gaps and maintain effective CPR. Chest Recoil: Just as Important as Compression Allowing the chest to fully recoil after each compression is just as important as pushing down. A common mistake is leaning on the chest, which prevents full recoil. Full recoil allows better venous return to the heart, improving circulation and overall CPR effectiveness. Think of compression and recoil as equal: Compression time = recoil time Managing Fatigue During CPR Compression quality can begin to fall after as little as two minutes. If there are enough rescuers available: Swap the person delivering compressions every two minutes Ensure there is no pause while changing rescuers This helps maintain correct depth, rate, and recoil. Practice Improves Performance Regular practice is one of the best ways to improve CPR quality. Use a CPR manikin whenever possible If practising at home, use a toy or stuffed animal to rehearse hand position and technique Confidence comes from practice, and confident CPR saves lives. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3513/Improving_compressions-01.jpg Yes 181 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/improving-breaths-2015-guidelines https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1951.mp4 Improving breaths Rescue Breaths and CPR: Guidelines and Alternatives Rescue breaths play a crucial role in CPR. They should be performed correctly and with proper techniques to maximise their effectiveness in saving lives. Proper Rescue Breath Technique CPR providers should: Give rescue breaths with an inflation duration of about 1 second. Provide sufficient volume to make the victim's chest rise. Avoid rapid or forceful breaths. Limit the time between compressions and breaths to no more than 10 seconds. Dealing with Obstructions If a breath doesn't go in: Check for obstructions in the mouth, but avoid blind finger sweeps. Re-open the airway and try again, but only attempt the recommended number of times. Alternative Breathing Methods Rescue breaths can also be delivered through: Mouth-to-nose ventilation: An acceptable alternative if the victim's mouth is injured, cannot be opened, or a seal is difficult to achieve, or if the victim is in water. Mouth-to-tracheostomy ventilation: Applicable for victims with a tracheostomy tube or tracheal stoma who require rescue breathing. Barrier Devices Barrier devices can help reduce bacteria transmission during rescue breathing. However, their effectiveness in clinical practice remains unknown. Resuscitation Council Recommendations The Resuscitation Council recommends that individuals trained in CPR should perform both rescue breaths and compressions whenever possible. This is particularly important for children, asphyxial cardiac arrest victims (e.g., drowning), and cases with delayed EMS response. Compression-only CPR should only be performed if rescuers are unable to give rescue breaths. The latest CPR guidelines are the 2021 UK and European Resuscitation Council guidelines. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3515/Improving_breaths-01.jpg Yes 141 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/effective-cpr https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1389.mp4 Effective CPR Understanding CPR: The Heart, Cardiac Arrest, and the Importance of Compressions Knowing how the heart functions and the impact of cardiac arrest is crucial for delivering effective CPR. You can keep blood circulating with proper compressions until a defibrillator becomes available. How the Heart Functions The heart's natural pacemaker, the Sinoatrial Node, sends regular electrical impulses from the top chamber (Atrium) to the bottom chamber (Ventricle). This process keeps the heart pumping blood. In cardiac arrest, this normal functioning is disrupted, often due to electrolyte imbalances, potassium interference, or heart-related issues. Cardiac Arrest and Ventricular Fibrillation During cardiac arrest, the heart's electrical pathways are disrupted, causing the heart to experience ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. In this state, defibrillation is necessary to restore normal heart function. Effective CPR and Chest Compressions While waiting for an Automated External Defibrillator (AED), perform effective CPR: Push down 5-6cm at 100-120 beats per minute. Place hands in the centre of the chest. Maintain a straight posture and use body weight. Switch rescuers every two minutes for optimal CPR. Allow the chest to recoil fully between compressions. The Role of AEDs AEDs work by passing electricity through the heart, momentarily stunning it and allowing the heart's pacemaker to restore normal function. In cases of cardiac arrest due to a lack of oxygen, the AED may indicate that no shock is necessary. Continue CPR and monitor the patient until emergency services arrive. Remember: Anyone can perform CPR. The key is to maintain the correct rate and depth of compressions. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2505/Effective__CPR-01.jpg Yes 357 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/excessive-blood-loss https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1956.mp4 Excessive Blood Loss Recognizing and Treating Blood Loss: First Aid Guide Understanding Blood Loss Hidden Threat: Excessive blood loss doesn't always involve visible skin injuries; it can occur internally with fractures or organ damage. Impact of Fractures: Even when the skin remains intact, a broken thigh bone can lead to blood loss of up to one litre; if there's an external bleed, this can escalate to one to two litres. Pelvic Fractures: Pelvic fractures can range from minor blood loss to severe cases where a person can lose all their blood, as the main femoral artery passes over the pelvis. Organ Injuries: Injuries to organs such as the spleen, liver, or chest can result in varying levels of blood loss, from minimal to total. Recognizing Blood Loss Challenging Recognition: Identifying severe blood loss can be difficult. It's wise to assume the worst and treat accordingly due to the challenges of assessing both external and internal bleeding. Factors Affecting Recognition: Various factors like age, size, weight, medical conditions, fitness, and medications can influence how signs and symptoms manifest, potentially masking them until the situation becomes critical. Assessment and Response Collect Information: Gather details about the incident history and assess the injury mechanism. Watch for Signs: Keep an eye out for these signs: Pale, Cold, Sweaty Skin Rapid Breathing (Over 20 breaths per minute) Thirst Rapid Pulse (Over 100 beats per minute) Altered Mental State Anxiety, Confusion, Drowsiness, Restlessness Unconsciousness Emergency Treatment Immediate Actions: Activate Emergency Services: Call for professional help. Treat External Bleeding: Address any visible external bleeding. Identify Internal Bleeding: Attempt to determine if there is internal bleeding. Position and Monitor: Lay Down: Place the individual on their back. Raise Legs (If Possible): Elevate their legs if feasible. Keep Warm: Ensure they stay warm. Monitor Consciousness and Vital Signs: Continuously assess their consciousness and vital signs. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3535/Excessive_Blood_Loss-01.jpg Yes 129 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/introduction-to-paediatric-and-adult-cpr https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1384.mp4 Paediatric CPR Introduction Paediatric CPR: An Introduction In this section, we will look at paediatric CPR, which stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. CPR is a life-saving skill used when someone is not breathing normally. This topic is covered across several short films. We will explain CPR for infants, children, and adolescents, before moving on to specific elements such as chest compressions, rescue breaths, and AED use. Paediatric Age Groups Explained For the purposes of CPR: Infants are defined as under 1 year old Children are aged from 1 to 12 years Adolescents are aged from 13 to 18 years You do not need to know the child’s exact age to start CPR. What matters most is using a technique that allows you to achieve effective chest compressions. Choosing the Right Compression Technique The method you use will depend on the size of the child and what you are physically able to do: If you can deliver compressions using two thumbs, treat them as an infant If two-thumb compressions are not possible, use one hand as you would for a child If one hand is not effective, you can use two hands The priority is always to deliver good-quality compressions. Do what feels safest and most effective for you. Working With Other Rescuers In this section, we will also cover: How to hand over CPR to a second rescuer safely and smoothly How to provide continuous chest compressions only when you are unable or unwilling to give rescue breaths Chest-compression-only CPR is still highly effective and is always better than doing nothing. Key Message You do not need to be an expert to save a child’s life. Acting quickly, using the technique you can manage, and continuing until help arrives gives the best possible chance of survival. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2487/Paediatric_CPR_Introduction.jpg Yes 68 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/compressions-only-cpr-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/106.mp4 Compressions Only CPR Adult Cardiac Arrest: Compression-Only CPR In this film, we will show you what to do if an adult suddenly collapses and is not breathing normally, following the latest Resuscitation Council UK guidelines using compression-only CPR. Even if you have never received CPR training, your actions can still save a life. The most important things are to act quickly, call 999, start chest compressions, and keep going until help arrives. Step 1: Check for Danger Before helping, make sure the area is safe for you and others. Look for hazards such as: Traffic Electricity Fire or smoke Broken glass or sharp objects If it is safe, approach the casualty. Step 2: Check for Response Gently shake the casualty’s shoulders and shout: “Are you OK?” If there is no response: Shout for help If someone is nearby, ask them to call 999, put the phone on speaker, and fetch an AED if one is available If you are on your own, call 999 on your mobile and put it on speakerphone so the call handler can guide you. Step 3: Check for Normal Breathing Gently tilt the head back and lift the chin to open the airway Look for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds Check whether the chest rises and falls normally If the person is not breathing normally, or is only gasping, treat this as cardiac arrest. Tell the 999 operator that the person is not breathing normally. An ambulance will be dispatched immediately. Step 4: Start Chest Compressions Begin chest compressions straight away. The call handler may say: “Place the heel of your hand in the centre of the chest, put your other hand on top, and push hard and fast.” How to Perform Chest Compressions Kneel beside the casualty Place the heel of one hand in the centre of the chest, between the nipples Place your other hand on top and keep your arms straight Push down hard and fast, to a depth of 5–6 cm Allow the chest to fully rise after each compression Continue at a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute (about two per second) You can keep time to the beat of a familiar song such as “Stayin’ Alive” or “Baby Shark”, which both match the correct rhythm. Keep Going Until Help Arrives Do not stop CPR unless: The person starts breathing normally or begins to move Emergency services arrive and take over You become physically exhausted Using an AED If an AED arrives: Switch it on immediately Follow the spoken instructions The AED will tell you when to stop compressions and when to restart If the Person Starts Breathing Normally If normal breathing returns: Stop chest compressions Carefully roll the person onto their side into the recovery position Keep the airway open with the head slightly tilted back Stay with them and monitor their breathing until help arrives Key Points to Remember Call 999 immediately and use speakerphone If the person is not breathing normally, start chest compressions straight away Compress the centre of the chest 5–6 cm deep Maintain a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute Use an AED as soon as possible and follow its instructions Even if you are untrained, doing something is always better than doing nothing Act fast, keep pushing, and do not stop. Your actions could save a life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/165/ADULT_Compression_Only_CPR.jpg Yes 201 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/epilepsy-treatment https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2428.mp4 Epilepsy treatment Epilepsy and Seizure First Aid Understanding Epilepsy Epilepsy is a condition characterised by a propensity for recurrent, unprovoked convulsions, commonly referred to as seizures. Treatment approaches are generally consistent across most types of epilepsy. Dealing with Seizures Witnessing a seizure can be distressing, but as a first aider, your assistance is crucial. Follow these important steps: Protect: Safeguard the individual from harm by clearing the vicinity of dangerous objects. Cushion: Provide head support to prevent head injury. Time: Take note of the seizure's start and end times. Identification: Check for epilepsy identity cards or jewellery. Recovery Position: After the seizure, gently place them in the recovery position to aid breathing. Reassure: Offer calm reassurance throughout the process. Stay: Remain with the person until they fully recover. No Restraint: Avoid restraining or moving the person. Avoid Mouth Contact: Do not insert anything into the person's mouth. Minimize Movement: Only move them if there's imminent danger. No Food or Drink: Refrain from giving them food or drink until they are fully recovered. Avoid Waking: Do not attempt to rouse them. Monitoring and When to Call an Ambulance For all epilepsy types, continue monitoring the patient's breathing and pulse. Call for an ambulance under the following circumstances: First Seizure: It's their initial seizure. Long Duration: The seizure lasts longer than five minutes. Consecutive Seizures: Tonic-clonic seizures occur successively without consciousness recovery. Injury: The person sustains an injury during the seizure. Perceived Urgency: You believe immediate medical attention is necessary. In the rare event that the person stops breathing, activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and initiate CPR. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/4625/Epilepsy_treatment-01.jpg Yes 158 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/epilepsy-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/117.mp4 Epilepsy Epilepsy: Understanding Recurrent Seizures Defining Epilepsy Epilepsy is presently described as a propensity for recurrent seizures, which are triggered by sudden bursts of excessive electrical activity within the brain. This surge disrupts normal communication between brain cells, leading to interruptions or mix-ups in the brain's messaging. The Impact of Seizures The effects of a seizure are contingent on the origin and spread of epileptic activity in the brain. As the brain governs all bodily functions, the experience during a seizure varies depending on these factors, resulting in numerous seizure types. Seizures aren't exclusive to epilepsy; they can arise from diverse causes like head injuries, low blood glucose in diabetics, or alcohol poisoning. Key Facts About Epilepsy Epilepsy: A tendency for recurrent seizures. Seizure Types: Approximately 40 different types exist, and individuals may experience more than one. Wide Impact: Affects people of all ages and backgrounds. UK Prevalence: 1 in 131 people (456,000 individuals). Treatment Potential: 70 percent could achieve seizure freedom with suitable treatment. Single Seizures: 1 in 20 people may have a single seizure during their life. Outgrowing Epilepsy: Many who develop epilepsy as children may "grow out of it" in adulthood. Driving License: In the UK, those seizure-free for a year can reapply for a driving license. SUDEP: Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy accounts for 500 UK deaths annually. Pregnancy: 2,500 women with epilepsy in the UK have a baby each year. Understanding Seizures Identifying a seizure involves observing key indicators: Sudden Loss of Responsiveness Rigid Body with Arched Back Noisy, Difficult Breathing Convulsions Possible Loss of Bladder Control Post-Seizure Deep Sleep A typical description of a tonic-clonic seizure, the most common generalised seizure type: Tonic Phase: Involves body rigidity, loss of consciousness, and chest muscle contractions. Clonic Phase: Characterized by repetitive muscle contractions and body shaking. Following a seizure, regaining consciousness may vary, accompanied by confusion and muscle soreness. Headaches and fatigue are common, prompting a desire to sleep. Some individuals experience warning symptoms called auras before seizures, manifesting as peculiar movements, sensations, or intense emotions. However, seizures often occur without warning. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/187/Epilepsy-01.jpg Yes 193 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/foreign-objects-in-the-eye-ears-or-nose https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1529.mp4 Foreign objects in the eye, ears or nose First Aid for Eye, Ear, and Nose Foreign Objects Eye Foreign Objects If something like an eyelash, sand, dust, or an insect gets into the eye: Flush with Water: Gently hold the eye open and flush with clean or saline water. Positioning: Tip the head slightly to one side and pour water into the inner corner of the eye. Keep Dry: Place a towel around the shoulders to keep them dry. Seek Medical Help If: The foreign object cannot be flushed out. The object is on the white of the eye. Ear Foreign Objects If something is lodged in the ear: Positioning: Encourage the child to tip their head to one side to see if the item falls out. Medical Attention: Seek medical help if the item remains lodged in the ear. Important Note: Attempting to remove objects from the ear may cause damage to hearing and balance. Nose Foreign Objects If a child has something stuck in their nose: Do Not Attempt Removal: Do not let the child or anyone else attempt to remove it. Keep Calm: Keep the child calm and take them to the hospital immediately. Insect in the Ear: If an insect is in the ear: Positioning: Have the child tilt their head with the affected ear up. Flush with Water: Fill the ear with water to flush out the insect. Medical Advice: Seek medical advice if the insect does not float out. Important Note: Seek medical assistance promptly for any foreign objects that have penetrated or become stuck in sensitive areas like the eyes, ears, or nose. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2691/Foreign_objects_in_the_eye__ears_or_nose-01.jpg Yes 136 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/initial-assessment-and-recovery-position---paediatric https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4265.mp4 Initial Assessment and Recovery Position - Paediatric Initial Assessment and the Recovery Position In this film, we will look at the initial assessment of a casualty and how to place someone into the recovery position safely and correctly. Calling for Help If someone is with you and the situation requires it, ask them to call the emergency services immediately. If you are alone, continue with your assessment first and then call for help as soon as it is safe to do so. You may also be able to shout for help to attract the attention of others nearby. Check for Response Approach the casualty and introduce yourself: “Hello, my name’s Keith. I’m a first aider.” Gently tap the casualty on the collarbone and ask permission to help. If they are conscious, talk to them, find out what has happened, and encourage them to remain still while you assess them. If they are unconscious, you must immediately check whether they are breathing. Check for Breathing To check breathing, you must first open the airway. Place one hand on the forehead and the other under the chin Gently tilt the head back and lift the chin to move the tongue away from the back of the throat Quickly look into the mouth for any visible obstruction With the airway open, look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds: Look for the chest rising and falling Listen for breathing sounds Feel for air on your cheek If the casualty is not breathing, you must call the emergency medical services immediately and begin CPR. If they are breathing normally, CPR is not required. When the Casualty Is Breathing Normally If the casualty is breathing: Send someone to call an ambulance, ensuring they return and tell you when help is on the way Your priority becomes maintaining an open airway and preventing choking Head-to-Toe Check If gloves are available, put them on and carry out a quick head-to-toe assessment before moving the casualty. Gently feel the shoulders, arms, and chest for deformity, bleeding, or fluid Check the hips and legs are in a normal position If you find no signs of significant injury, the casualty can be placed into the recovery position. Placing the Casualty into the Recovery Position Ensure the casualty is lying on their back with their legs straight and together Place the arm nearest to you out at a right angle to the body Take the far arm and bring it across the chest, holding the hand against the cheek nearest to you With your other hand, bend the far knee so the foot is flat on the floor Using the leg as a lever and supporting the head and airway, gently roll the casualty onto their side, facing you Once in position: Check that the airway is open Ensure the casualty is breathing normally Adjust the legs to help maintain stability Ongoing Care From this point, your role as a first aider is to: Keep the casualty comfortable and warm Speak to them reassuringly, even if they are unconscious Monitor their breathing continuously If you are alone and need to leave to get help: Check that they are breathing before you leave Check again immediately when you return Important Guidance on Injuries Current guidance from the UK Resuscitation Council and the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) states: The recovery position is ideal for an unconscious casualty who is not injured If the casualty is injured, it is usually best to leave them on their back to avoid worsening injuries If the airway is compromised or fluid is present in the mouth, the recovery position may still be required If you must leave an injured casualty to get help, place them in the recovery position to protect the airway Key Points to Remember Introduce yourself and check for response Open the airway and check for breathing early Start CPR if they are not breathing Use the recovery position to protect the airway when breathing is present Monitor the casualty until emergency help arrives Calm, structured actions save lives. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7665/Initial_Assessment___Recovery_Position.jpg Yes 208 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/medical-id-tags-for-allergies https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4802.mp4 Medical ID tags for allergies Ensuring Patient Safety with Medical ID Tags Addressing a Crucial Issue Identifying Medical Conditions: Discovering a patient's existing medical conditions can be challenging. The Value of ID Tags: Medical ID tags play a vital role in providing essential information. General Medical ID Tags Multiple Options: Various types of general medical ID tags are available. Card-Based Tags: Some feature a card that can be inserted into a strap for wearing on the wrist. Rubber Band Style: Rubber band-style tags allow for writing medical information on the inside. Metal Varieties: Metal necklaces or bracelets serve as alternatives for general medical ID tags. Condition-Specific ID Tags Customized Tags: Condition-specific ID tags cater to individual medical requirements. Anaphylaxis Tags: Rubber band-style tags are suitable for adults and children, with space for noting allergies. Clip-On Style: Some tags feature a clip design for easy attachment and include essential medical data. Keyrings and Stickers: Keyrings and stickers offer additional identification options, particularly for allergies. Unique Identification for Specific Conditions Diabetes Tags: ID tags for diabetes patients include space for emergency contact details. Epilepsy Tags: Tags for epilepsy sufferers help in identifying their condition quickly. Medical ID tags, whether rubber, metal, or other types, serve as crucial tools in patient care. They provide essential information about a patient's medical conditions, aiding healthcare providers in delivering the right care, especially in emergency situations. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8551/Medical_ID_tags_for_allergies-01.jpg Yes 154 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/child-cpr-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/168.mp4 Child CPR Child Cardiac Arrest: CPR and AED Guidance (Ages 1–12) Cardiac arrest in children is uncommon. When it does occur, it is usually caused by another medical emergency, most often a breathing problem, trauma, or an underlying illness, rather than a primary heart condition. Your first priority is to assess the situation quickly and understand what may have happened. Ensure the Scene Is Safe Before approaching the child, always check that it is safe to do so. Look for any dangers that could harm you or the child. If a parent, teacher, or guardian is nearby, ask for permission before intervening: “Can I help your child?” Check for Responsiveness If the child appears unresponsive, speak to them directly. Even if they cannot reply, they may still be able to hear you. Speak calmly and clearly: “Hello, my name’s Keith, I’m a first aider. Can you hear me?” If you know the child’s name, use it, as this can sometimes prompt a response. If there is no response: Gently tap the child’s shoulder or collarbone Ask again, “Are you OK? Can you hear me?” Call for Help If the child remains unresponsive, shout for help immediately. If someone is with you, ask them to call 999 on speakerphone, leave the phone with you, and bring an AED if one is available. The emergency call handler will give step-by-step instructions and guide you through CPR if needed. If you are alone, call 999 on speakerphone yourself and continue your assessment. Check for Normal Breathing Open the airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift technique Briefly look inside the mouth for any obvious obstruction and remove it if visible Place one hand on the forehead and two fingers on the bony part of the chin, gently tilting the head back Open the mouth slightly and check again for any visible obstruction Look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds You are looking for chest rise and fall, listening for breath sounds, and feeling for air movement on your cheek. If the child is not breathing normally or is only gasping (agonal breathing), treat this as cardiac arrest. When to Start CPR If you are alone, start CPR immediately and continue for one minute before going to get help. If someone else is present, they should call 999 straight away while you start CPR. In children, cardiac arrest is often caused by a lack of oxygen, so early CPR can help restore breathing and circulation. Five Initial Rescue Breaths Begin CPR with five rescue breaths: Open the airway Pinch the nose closed Seal your mouth over the child’s mouth Breathe steadily for up to one second, just enough to see the chest rise Allow the chest to fall before giving the next breath Repeat until five effective breaths have been delivered. Chest Compressions Place the heel of one hand in the centre of the chest, on the lower half of the sternum, between the nipples Keep your arms straight and shoulders directly above your hand Compress the chest to one-third of its depth (approximately 4–5 cm in a small child) Compress at a rate of 100–120 per minute Allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions If the child is larger or you cannot achieve enough depth, use two hands, one on top of the other. After the initial five breaths, continue CPR using a ratio of 15 compressions to 2 rescue breaths, keeping interruptions to a minimum. If two rescuers are present, swap roles every two minutes to prevent fatigue and maintain effective compressions. Using an AED on a Child As soon as an AED becomes available: Switch it on immediately and follow the voice prompts Use paediatric pads if available Place one pad on the chest and one on the back between the shoulder blades For children under 25 kg (around 8 years old), position the front pad slightly to the left side of the chest If only adult pads are available, use them, ensuring they do not touch The AED will analyse the heart rhythm and advise whether a shock is needed. When instructed, ensure everyone is standing clear Make sure no one is touching the child Deliver the shock if advised Immediately resume CPR after the shock, continuing with 15 compressions and 2 breaths until the AED re-analyses or help arrives. Continue CPR Until The child starts breathing normally or shows signs of life, such as movement or eye opening Emergency services arrive and take over You are physically unable to continue Key Points to Remember Always check for safety first Call 999 early — if alone, after one minute of CPR Give five initial rescue breaths before compressions Continue 15 compressions to 2 breaths at 100–120 per minute Use an AED as soon as it is available Swap rescuers every two minutes where possible to maintain CPR quality Early CPR and early defibrillation save lives. Acting quickly and confidently gives a child the best possible chance of survival. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/289/Child_CPR_2025.jpg Yes 296 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/what3words---location-app https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4780.mp4 What3Words - location app Using What3Words to Pinpoint Your Location for Emergency Services When calling emergency medical services, accurately describing your location can be difficult, especially in remote or unfamiliar areas. What3Words is an app that helps solve this problem by pinpointing your exact location using three unique words. How What3Words Works What3Words assigns three random words to a 3-meter by 3-meter square on the Earth's surface. By providing these words to emergency services, they can quickly and accurately find your location. Using the What3Words Website You can use the What3Words website (www.what3words.com) to find your current location or search for a specific address. The algorithm also includes error checking to ensure that slightly incorrect words still lead to the correct location. Using the What3Words App By downloading the What3Words app on your smartphone, you can easily find your current location and store saved locations for future reference. Who Uses What3Words? Around 80% of UK emergency services now use What3Words, along with roadside assistance services like the AA and various UK delivery companies. How to Find Your Location Using What3Words Visit www.what3words.com or open the app. Search for a postcode, or place, or allow the app to find your current location. Select the correct 3-meter square on the map to generate the three unique words for that location. Take note of the three words for future reference or to share with emergency services. What3Words is an innovative and effective way to pinpoint your exact location, no matter where you are in the world. Give it a try to ensure your safety during emergencies. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8507/What3Words_-_location_app.jpg Yes 119 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/course-summary- https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4803.mp4 Course Summary Completing Your Course and Taking the Test with ProTrainings Congratulations on completing your course! Before taking the test, review the student resources section and refresh your skills. Student Resources Section Free student manual: Download your manual and other resources. Additional links: Find helpful websites to support your training. Eight-month access: Revisit the course and view any new videos added. Preparing for the Course Test Before starting the test, you can: Review the videos Read through documents and links in the student resources section Course Test Guidelines No time limit: Take the test at your own pace, but complete it in one sitting. Question format: Choose from four answers or true/false questions. Adaptive testing: Unique questions for each student, with required section passes. Retake option: Review materials and retake the test if needed. After Passing the Test Once you pass the test, you can: Print your completion certificate Print your Certified CPD statement Print the evidence-based learning statement Additional ProTrainings Courses ProTrainings offers: Over 350 courses at regional training centres or your workplace Remote virtual courses with live instructors Over 300 video online and blended courses Contact us at 01206 805359 or email support@protrainings.uk for assistance or group training solutions. Thank you for choosing ProTrainings and good luck with your test! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8553/Course_Summary-01.jpg Yes 127 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/child-choking-conscious-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/170.mp4 Choking in children Dealing with Choking: Adult and Child Types of Obstruction Mild Airway Obstruction: Involves discomfort, potential pain, and distress due to a partial blockage (e.g., fishbone or small object). Severe Airway Obstruction: Represents a complete blockage, preventing breathing, talking, or coughing and may lead to unconsciousness if not addressed. Dealing with Choking on an Adult Assess Breathing: Ask the person if they are choking; if they can talk, they can breathe. Encourage Coughing: Support and keep the person calm, encouraging them to cough to clear the obstruction. Observe the Mouth: If the obstruction is visible, attempt to remove it without inserting fingers deeply into the mouth. Dealing with Choking on a Child Size Considerations: Kneel behind the child due to their smaller size; anticipate distress and the need for forcefulness. Back Blows: Stand behind and to the side of the child, delivering five sharp back blows between the shoulder blades using the heel of your hand. Abdominal Thrusts: Perform abdominal thrusts by making a fist and placing it between the child's belly button and the bottom of their breastbone; perform five sharp inward and upward pulls with the other hand on top of the fist. Repeat If Necessary: If the obstruction persists, repeat five back blows and five abdominal thrusts, checking each time. Emergency Actions If Obstruction Persists: Continue attempts to clear the obstruction; call emergency services if not done already. Loss of Consciousness: If the child loses consciousness, gently guide them to the floor, avoiding injury; initiate CPR if not breathing. After Successful Removal Assess and Calm: Sit the child down and keep them calm; seek medical attention to check for any injuries resulting from the thrusts. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/293/Choking_in_children-01.jpg Yes 197 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/resuscitation-of-children https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1947.mp4 Resuscitation of children CPR for Children and Infants: Why Acting Matters More Than Fear Having to resuscitate a child or infant can be one of the most distressing situations anyone may face. Sadly, many children do not receive life-saving CPR because bystanders fear causing harm, especially if they are not specifically trained in paediatric resuscitation. This fear is unfounded. It is always far better to act than to do nothing. Using the Adult BLS Sequence on Children For ease of learning and retention, lay rescuers are taught that the adult Basic Life Support (BLS) sequence can be used for children who are unresponsive and not breathing normally. If you are unsure, follow the adult sequence. Doing something will always give the child a better chance of survival than doing nothing at all. Chest Compression Depth and Technique When delivering chest compressions to children and infants, the recommended depth is: At least one-third of the depth of the chest Hand Position by Age Group Infants (under 1 year): Use two thumbs with the wrap-around technique Children (1–12 years): Use one or two hands, depending on the size of the child Adolescents (13–18 years): Use two hands, as you would for an adult Whether you use one hand or two on a child is up to you. The outcome is the same. Choose the technique that feels safest, most comfortable, and best suited to the child’s size. The Impact of CPR on Survival What you do — or don’t do — has a huge impact on survival. No CPR: Survival rate of approximately 4.3% Chest compressions only: Survival rate of around 7.7% Full CPR (compressions and breaths): Survival rate increases to 13.6% These figures clearly show that early action saves lives. Delivering Rescue Breaths When giving rescue breaths: Deliver each breath over about one second Give just enough air to see the chest rise The maximum time between the last compression and the first compression of the next cycle should be no more than 10 seconds — and ideally much less. This minimises interruptions to chest compressions and helps maintain blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Key Message to Remember You do not need to be perfect to save a life. Fear of causing harm should never stop you from acting. Using the adult BLS sequence on a child or infant is far safer than doing nothing. Early CPR, even if it is not textbook-perfect, dramatically improves a child’s chance of survival. Act quickly. Act confidently. Your actions could save a young life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3507/Resuscitation_of_Children.jpg Yes 114 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/infant-cpr-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/169.mp4 Infant CPR Infant CPR: How to Resuscitate a Baby Under One Year Old In this section, we will look at how to perform CPR on an infant. An infant is defined as a child under one year old. Cardiac arrest in infants is very rare. However, when it does occur, it is almost always caused by a breathing problem, not a primary heart condition. Acting quickly and using the correct technique gives the infant the best possible chance of survival. Step 1: Ensure the Scene Is Safe Before doing anything else, check that the area is safe. Look for hazards that could put you or the infant at risk. If it is safe, approach the infant calmly. Step 2: Check for Responsiveness Speak gently to the infant: “Hello, can you hear me?” You are looking for any sign of response. To check responsiveness: Tap or gently flick the sole of the foot Look for movement, sound, or any reaction If there is no response, shout for help immediately. Step 3: Call for Help If someone is nearby, ask them to call 999, leave their phone with you on speakerphone, and bring an AED if one is available. If you are alone, call 999 yourself on speakerphone and continue your assessment. The emergency call handler will give step-by-step instructions and guide you through CPR if needed. Step 4: Check for Normal Breathing Place one hand on the forehead and two fingers under the bony part of the chin Gently tilt the head to a neutral position — do not overextend the neck Briefly look inside the mouth for any visible obstruction and remove it only if it can be seen and easily removed Keep the airway open and look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for up to 10 seconds You are checking for chest movement, breathing sounds, and air on your cheek. If the infant is not breathing normally or is only gasping, treat this as cardiac arrest. Step 5: Give Five Initial Rescue Breaths Because infant cardiac arrest is usually caused by breathing problems, rescue breaths are critical. Maintain a gentle head tilt and chin lift Place your mouth over the infant’s mouth and nose, forming a complete seal Blow gently for about one second, just enough to make the chest rise Allow the chest to fall before the next breath Give five rescue breaths in total. If the chest does not rise, recheck the airway position and seal before trying again. Step 6: Start Chest Compressions After the five rescue breaths, begin chest compressions: Place your two thumbs on the centre of the chest, just below the nipple line Wrap your hands around the infant’s chest, supporting the back with your fingers Compress the chest by one-third of its depth Maintain a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute (about two per second) Allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions Continue CPR using a ratio of 15 compressions to 2 rescue breaths. If another rescuer is available, swap every two minutes to prevent fatigue and maintain high-quality CPR. Step 7: Using an AED on an Infant As soon as an AED becomes available: Switch it on immediately and follow the voice prompts Use paediatric pads if available Place one pad on the front of the chest, slightly to the left Place the other pad on the back, between the shoulder blades Continue CPR while the AED is being applied, if possible If only adult pads are available, use them The AED will tell you when to stand clear and when to resume CPR. Resume chest compressions immediately after any shock and continue until the AED re-analyses or help arrives. Continue CPR Until The infant starts breathing normally or shows signs of life, such as movement or crying Emergency services arrive and take over You are physically unable to continue If the Infant Starts Breathing If the infant begins breathing normally: Place them in the infant recovery position on their side with the head slightly lower Or hold them in your arms in the same position Continue to monitor breathing closely until help arrives Key Points to Remember Always check for danger before approaching Call 999 early Give five gentle rescue breaths first Continue 15 compressions to 2 breaths at 100–120 per minute Use an AED as soon as possible and follow the prompts Keep checking for normal breathing and signs of life Early recognition, early CPR, and early defibrillation save lives. Acting quickly and calmly can make all the difference. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/291/Infant_CPR.jpg Yes 287 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/using-an-aed-on-an-infant https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7080.mp4 Using an AED on an infant Using an AED on an Infant: UK Resuscitation Council 2025 Guidance Although infants very rarely experience a shockable heart rhythm, the use of an AED can still be lifesaving when cardiac arrest occurs. High-quality CPR remains the foundation of care. However, if an AED is available, it should be used without delay. Current guidance confirms that AEDs are safe to use on infants and should not be withheld when they are needed. Key Steps for Using an AED on an Infant Call for help immediately.As soon as you know the infant is not breathing, call 999. Ask a bystander to fetch an AED if one is available. Start CPR straight away.Begin CPR immediately. Do not delay compressions and rescue breaths while waiting for an AED. Continue CPR while preparing the AED.When the AED arrives, switch it on while CPR continues. Minimise any pauses while the pads are prepared and applied. Apply the AED pads. If paediatric pads are available, use them. If paediatric pads are not available, use adult pads. Do not delay defibrillation to wait for paediatric pads. Correct pad placement. Place one pad on the front of the chest, slightly to the left side. Place the second pad on the back, between the shoulder blades. This front-and-back positioning ensures the heart sits between the pads. Follow the AED prompts.Allow the AED to analyse the heart rhythm. Make sure no one is touching the infant during analysis or shock delivery. Resume CPR immediately.If a shock is delivered, restart CPR straight away and continue for two minutes before the AED re-analyses. Continue until emergency services arrive or the infant shows signs of life. Why Speed Matters When an infant suffers cardiac arrest, every second counts. Early CPR, rapid AED use, and following the device prompts give the infant the best possible chance of survival. Important 2025 Guideline Updates AED use in infants is now explicitly included in the 2025 UK Resuscitation Council guidelines. Pad positioning has changed slightly. Some AED pad diagrams may still show a central chest position. For infants, the front pad should be placed slightly to the left side of the chest. Some AEDs may not mention infant use, but they are safe to use on infants when cardiac arrest is suspected. Key Message Start CPR quickly. Use the AED without hesitation. Follow the prompts. Prompt, confident action can make a lifesaving difference for an infant in cardiac arrest. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12826/Using_an_AED_on_an_infant.jpg Yes 142 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/rcuk-erc-resus-guidelines https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7112.mp4 RCUK and ERC Resus Guidelines Why the Resuscitation Council UK and ERC Guidelines Matter The Resuscitation Council UK (RCUK) and the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) set the official, evidence-based standards for CPR and first aid across the UK and Europe. These are the guidelines that every trainer, training provider, workplace, and first aider is expected to follow. All of our CPR and first aid courses are built around these trusted and regularly updated recommendations. What Is the Resuscitation Council UK? The Resuscitation Council UK is the nation’s leading authority on resuscitation science. It develops evidence-based guidelines covering: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support Paediatric resuscitation (infants, children, adolescents) CPR guidance for both healthcare professionals and lay responders The RCUK ensures that the UK follows safe, consistent, clinically proven methods in all resuscitation training and emergency response. What Is the European Resuscitation Council? The ERC sets the Europe-wide standards for CPR and emergency care. It works closely with national bodies, including the Resuscitation Council UK, and contributes to global research through the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). This collaboration ensures that CPR and first aid practices are aligned with the latest international scientific evidence. Why These Guidelines Are Important for You CPR and first aid guidance evolves as new evidence, clinical studies, and real-world data become available. These guidelines affect: What instructors teach during CPR and first aid courses How course content is structured The techniques you will learn and need to use during an emergency The recommended sequence of actions when someone collapses or stops breathing In short, the Resuscitation Council UK and ERC shape exactly how CPR and first aid should be performed to give someone the best chance of survival. Guidelines Backed by Extensive Research Each update is based on thousands of scientific papers, clinical reviews, expert analysis, and real-life experience. This means that when the RCUK and ERC release new recommendations, they represent the most effective and up-to-date approach to saving lives. The Latest Guidelines We Teach All of our courses follow the latest Resuscitation Council UK and ERC guidelines, released in late 2025 and scheduled for review in 2030. If you have trained with us before, you will notice some important changes—these updates are designed to: Increase survival rates in cardiac arrest Improve outcomes in first aid emergencies Ensure every rescuer uses the most effective, evidence-based methods What This Means for Learners Whether you are refreshing your skills or learning for the first time, these updated guidelines ensure you are trained to the highest and most current standards. In a real emergency, this knowledge can make the difference between life and death. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12838/RCUK___ERC_Resus_Guidelines.jpg Yes 101 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/adolescent-cpr https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7110.mp4 Adolescent CPR How to Perform CPR on an Adolescent (13–18 Years) In this training film, we will cover how to perform CPR on an adolescent aged between 13 and 18 years. Although cardiac arrest in young people is less common than in adults, it can still occur due to breathing problems, traumatic injury, or sudden collapse. Delivering high-quality CPR is essential and can significantly improve their chance of survival. Initial Safety Checks Ensure the area is safe for both you and the adolescent before approaching. Gently shake their shoulder or tap it and call loudly: “Are you OK?” Calling for Help If they do not respond: Shout for help immediately. If you are alone, call 999 straight away, place the phone on speaker, and begin CPR without delay. The emergency call handler will guide you through the process. If someone else is available, ask them to call 999, put the phone on speaker if possible, and fetch an AED while you start CPR. Assessing Breathing Open the airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre. Look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for no more than 10 seconds. If the adolescent is not breathing or their breathing is abnormal (gasping or irregular), start CPR immediately. Rescue Breaths Matter In adolescents, cardiac arrest often relates to breathing difficulties or trauma, which means rescue breaths are especially important. Give 5 Initial Rescue Breaths Seal your mouth over theirs. Pinch the nose closed. Blow gently for one second per breath and watch for the chest rising. Chest Compressions Deliver 15 chest compressions immediately after the initial breaths. Place your hands in the centre of the chest, on the upper half of the sternum between the nipples. Push down to a depth of 5-6cm. Compress at a rate of 100–120 per minute. Allow the chest to fully recoil after each compression. Aim to minimise any interruptions. Continue the CPR Cycle After the initial breaths and compressions, continue CPR following this pattern: 15 compressions 2 rescue breaths Repeat this cycle until help arrives or the adolescent begins to show signs of recovery. Using an AED on an Adolescent If an AED is available, switch it on immediately, even if you are partway through a CPR cycle. Continue CPR while attaching the pads. Follow the AED’s voice prompts. Use adult pads if paediatric pads are not available. Pad placement for adolescents is the same as for adults. When to Stop CPR Continue CPR until one of the following occurs: The adolescent starts breathing normally or shows signs of life, such as moving, speaking, or opening their eyes. The emergency services arrive and take over. You become physically unable to continue—if so, try to pass CPR on to someone else. High-quality CPR can make a critical difference in an adolescent’s chance of survival. Acting quickly and confidently is key. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12844/Adolescent_CPR.jpg Yes 168 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/update-on-aed-pad-placement https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7111.mp4 Update on AED pad placement 2025 UK Resuscitation and ERC Guidelines on AED Pad Placement The latest 2025 Resuscitation Council UK (RCUK) and European Resuscitation Council (ERC) updates have introduced important changes to the recommended placement of AED pads for adults, children, and infants. These updates are based on new evidence intended to improve the effectiveness of defibrillation and increase survival rates. Why AED Pad Placement Has Changed For many years, AED pads have included diagrams showing where to place them on the chest. However, with the release of the new guidelines, these diagrams may now be out of date. This is because AED pad manufacturers still hold large quantities of older stock, and it could take up to five years for all pads in circulation to reflect the updated placements. Until then, the diagram on the pad may not match the new recommended positions. For the best chance of a successful shock, you should follow the latest RCUK and ERC guidance, even if the printed diagram suggests something different. Updated AED Pad Placement for Adults For adults, the new recommended placement is: Left-side pad: Position this pad under the left armpit. This placement improves the pathway of the electrical shock across the heart. Right-side pad: This pad remains in the traditional position on the upper right chest. Important note for female casualties: avoid placing the right-side pad over breast tissue; adjust slightly if needed to maintain full contact with the skin. Updated AED Pad Placement for Children (Under 25 kg or Approx. Under 8 Years) For smaller children, the recommended placement has also changed: Front pad: Place it on the chest but slightly offset to the child’s left side, rather than directly centred. Back pad: The rear pad position remains the same as before. For older children and adolescents, AED placement remains the same as adult positioning (front and back, standard locations). New Guidance for Infants One of the most notable updates is the introduction of clear guidance on AED use for infants. Many rescuers may not have been taught this previously, but AEDs can and should be used on infants in cardiac arrest. The new recommended placement is: Back pad: Place one pad in the centre of the infant’s back. Front pad: Position the second pad on the chest, slightly offset to the infant’s left side. This placement ensures an effective shock pathway while accommodating the much smaller chest size of an infant. Key Takeaway Always follow the latest Resuscitation Council UK and ERC guidelines rather than relying solely on the diagrams printed on AED pads. These changes are designed to improve defibrillation effectiveness and provide the best possible outcome for the casualty. Whether you are treating an adult, a child, or an infant, knowing the correct AED pad placement can be life-saving. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12842/Update_on_AED_pad_placement.jpg Yes 83 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/aed-intro-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/107.mp4 AED Introduction Understanding Automatic External Defibrillators (AEDs) 1. What is an AED? An AED, or automatic external defibrillator, explained. There is a common misconception that AEDs restart the heart, but their role is to interrupt abnormal heart activity. 2. AEDs and Heart Function Understanding how AEDs work to restore a normal heart rhythm. Electric activity in the heart can lead to abnormal twitching rather than a meaningful pulse. An AED delivers a shock to interrupt this electric activity, allowing the heart's natural pacemakers to restart it in a normal rhythm. AEDs advise a shock only when detecting specific shockable rhythms, such as ventricular fibrillation (VF) or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT). 3. Types of AED Units Exploring different AED models and their operation. Semi-automatic AEDs require manual activation of the shock button when advised. Automatic AEDs initiate shocks automatically when necessary. 4. Future AED Videos Stay tuned for upcoming videos that delve into AEDs in greater detail and provide guidance on their usage. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/167/AED_Introduction-01.jpg Yes 106 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/when-to-call-for-assistance https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1946.mp4 When to call for assistance Calling for Help and Starting CPR: What to Do First As soon as you realise a casualty is unresponsive, call the emergency services immediately and ask for an ambulance. Use your mobile phone on speakerphone so you can begin CPR while speaking to the call handler. If someone is with you, ask them to make the call while you start CPR straight away. Why Calling Emergency Services Early Matters When someone collapses or appears unconscious, help must be requested as quickly as possible. The emergency medical services (EMS) dispatcher can rapidly assess the situation and determine the most appropriate response. Waiting to decide what to do wastes valuable time. The sooner EMS are activated, the greater the chance of survival. CPR alone is not enough if professional help is not on the way. An AED and advanced care are essential. For every minute an AED is delayed, the chance of survival falls by around 10%. Early CPR combined with rapid EMS activation significantly improves outcomes. What to Do If More Than One Rescuer Is Present If there is more than one rescuer available: One rescuer should start CPR immediately The other should call emergency services and look for an AED This teamwork minimises delays and maximises the chance of successful resuscitation. What to Do If You Are Alone If you are alone with the casualty: Call emergency services on speakerphone Do not leave the casualty to look for an AED Start CPR immediately The EMS will bring an AED. By starting CPR early, you increase the likelihood that defibrillation will be successful when it arrives. Leaving the casualty to search for an AED reduces blood flow to the brain and lowers their chance of survival. Minimising Interruptions to CPR Keeping chest compressions going is critical. If the casualty is an infant or small child, it may be possible to carry them with you while summoning help, reducing interruptions to CPR. Once you have called EMS, the dispatcher can: Guide you through full CPR, or Support you with chest-compression-only CPR Using speakerphone allows you to receive clear, step-by-step instructions while continuing life-saving care. Key Points to Remember Call emergency services as soon as the casualty is unresponsive Use speakerphone so you can start CPR immediately Do not delay CPR to look for an AED if you are alone Early CPR and early EMS activation save lives Act fast, keep compressions going, and get help on the way. These actions give the casualty the best possible chance of survival. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3505/When_to_call_for_Assistance.jpg Yes 112 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/child-aed-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/236.mp4 Child AED Child Cardiac Arrest: CPR and AED Use (Ages 1–12) If you find a child aged between 1 and 12 years who is unresponsive and not breathing normally, you must act quickly. Early CPR and rapid defibrillation give the child the best possible chance of survival. Because this age group covers a wide range of sizes and weights, CPR techniques are adapted to suit the child in front of you. Calling for Help If the child is unresponsive: Call 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance. If you are unsure whether the child is breathing normally, treat them as though they are not. Put your phone on speakerphone so the call handler can guide you. Start CPR Immediately In children, cardiac arrest is often caused by breathing problems. For this reason: Start with five rescue breaths. Then begin chest compressions. Chest Compressions Compress the chest to around one-third of its depth. Allow full chest recoil after each compression. Maintain a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute. Continue CPR using a ratio of 15 compressions to 2 breaths. Do not pause CPR while someone is fetching an AED. Using an AED on a Child Use the AED as soon as it arrives. Switch the AED on and follow the voice and visual prompts. If available, use a paediatric mode or paediatric pads, which reduce shock energy. If paediatric settings are not available, use adult pads and settings. Never delay defibrillation. Pad Placement Ensure the child’s chest is bare and dry. Children under approximately 25 kg (usually under 8 years) Place one pad on the front of the chest, slightly to the left side. Place the other pad on the back, between the shoulder blades. This front-and-back placement ensures the electrical shock passes through the heart. Children over approximately 25 kg Place one pad on the centre of the chest. Place the other pad on the back, between the shoulder blades. During AED Analysis and Shock When the AED says “Stand clear”, ensure no one is touching the child. If a shock is advised, make sure everyone stays clear while it is delivered. Restart chest compressions immediately after the shock, or if no shock is advised. Continue CPR Until Professional help arrives and takes over, or The child shows clear signs of life, or You are physically unable to continue. Key Safety Message AEDs are extremely safe to use on children. They will only deliver a shock if it is needed. Early CPR and early defibrillation dramatically improve survival. The most important thing is to act quickly, confidently, and without delay. Your actions could save a child’s life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/419/Child_AED.jpg Yes 177 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/using-an-aed-on-an-adolescent https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7116.mp4 Using an AED on an adolescent CPR and AED Use for an Unresponsive Adolescent (Ages 13–18) If you find an adolescent aged 13 to 18 years who is unresponsive and not breathing normally, the resuscitation approach is slightly different from that used for adults. Acting quickly and confidently can make a life-saving difference. What to Do First If the adolescent is unresponsive and not breathing normally: Call 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance. If you are unsure whether they are breathing normally, treat them as though they are not. Put your phone on speaker so the call handler can guide you. Start CPR Straight Away In adolescents, cardiac arrest is often linked to breathing problems. For this reason: Begin with five rescue breaths. Then start chest compressions. Chest Compressions Compress the chest to a depth of 5–6 cm. Allow the chest to fully recoil between compressions. Maintain a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute. Continue CPR using a ratio of 15 compressions to 2 rescue breaths. Do not stop CPR while someone is fetching an AED. Using an AED on an Adolescent Use an AED as soon as it arrives. Switch the AED on and follow the voice and visual prompts. If available, use a paediatric mode or paediatric pads, which reduce shock energy for smaller bodies. If paediatric settings are not available, use adult pads and settings. Never delay defibrillation. Correct Pad Placement Ensure the chest is bare and dry. Place one pad on the top right side of the chest. Place the other pad under the left armpit. This is the same pad placement used for adults. During AED Analysis and Shock When the AED says “Stand clear”, ensure no one is touching the adolescent. If a shock is advised, make sure everyone stays clear while it is delivered. Restart chest compressions immediately after the shock, or if no shock is advised. Continue CPR Until Professional help arrives and takes over, or The adolescent shows clear signs of life, or You are physically unable to continue. Key Safety Message AEDs are extremely safe to use on adolescents. They will only deliver a shock if it is needed. Early CPR and early defibrillation dramatically improve survival rates. The most important thing is to act quickly, confidently, and without delay. Your actions could save a young life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12894/Using_an_AED_on_an_adolescent.jpg Yes 143 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/refresher/video/three-steps-to-save-a-life https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7078.mp4 Three Steps to Save a Life (2025) The Three Steps to Save a Life: A Simple Emergency Guide The Three Steps to Save a Life approach is an easy, effective method that anyone can use during an emergency. At the heart of the Resuscitation Council UK guidelines, this process shows that you do not need medical training to make a lifesaving difference. Step 1 – Check Check for Safety Before you approach the casualty, ensure the area is safe. Look for hazards such as: Traffic Electricity Fire or smoke Other environmental dangers Check Responsiveness Once it’s safe, assess whether the person can respond: Gently tap their shoulders Ask loudly, “Are you alright?” If they do not respond and appear unresponsive, move immediately to Step 2. Step 2 – Call Call 999 (or 112 in Europe) without delay. Put your phone on speaker to keep your hands free. The emergency operator will guide you step-by-step. Check Breathing With Guidance The dispatcher will help you assess for normal breathing. Look, listen, and feel for no more than 10 seconds. If the person is not breathing normally or is only gasping, tell the operator immediately. They will talk you through starting CPR. Step 3 – CPR and AED Start CPR Immediately If breathing is absent or abnormal: Place the heel of your hand in the centre of the chest Put your other hand on top Begin compressions at 100–120 per minute Press down about 5 cm each time Allow the chest to fully rise between compressions Use an AED if Available If an AED is nearby: Turn it on immediately Follow the voice prompts The device will tell you when to pause, stand clear, or resume compressions The emergency dispatcher will stay on the line and support you until professional help arrives. Why These Three Steps Matter Remember: Check • Call • Start CPR with an AED. These quick, simple actions can double or even triple a person’s chance of survival. You don’t need to be a doctor — just willing to act. Your hands, your phone, and your courage truly can save a life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12822/Three_Steps_to_Save_a_Life_2.jpg Yes 149 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/paediatric-cpr-overview https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4145.mp4 Paediatric CPR overview Child CPR Overview Understanding Child CPR and Its Goals Exploring the importance and techniques of child CPR in emergencies. Key Considerations in Child Resuscitation Preparing for the unique challenges of child CPR: Child resuscitation is stressful for all responders, requiring focus and skill. Understanding the goals of CPR enhances efficiency and effectiveness. A child's physiology differs from an adult's, requiring specific techniques. Physiological Differences Comparing child and adult physiology: A child's heart beats faster than an adult's, akin to a Formula 1 engine. Children exhaust oxygen quickly; prompt resuscitation is critical. Effective compressions aim to maintain brain oxygenation. Techniques in Child CPR Executing CPR correctly for children: Place hands at the centre of the chest, compressing 5 to 6 cm depth. Ensure full recoil after each compression for optimal blood circulation. Clear and maintain a patent airway, utilizing the sniffing position. Steps in Child CPR Structured approach to child CPR: Assess breathing and perform CPR if breathing is absent. Initiate 30 compressions followed by 2 breaths cycle. Repeat cycles until professional help arrives or recovery is observed. Emergency Response Protocols Coordinating emergency response: Call emergency services immediately; maintain communication. In hospital settings, activate the crash team for additional support. Continue CPR until advanced help with defibrillation arrives. Importance of Basic Life Support (BLS) Role of BLS in improving survival: BLS administered promptly by bystanders enhances survival chances. Efficiency in CPR delivery crucially affects patient outcomes. Understanding the principles of child CPR ensures effective emergency response and improves outcomes in critical situations. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7429/Paediatric_CPR_overview-01.jpg Yes 563 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/post-cpr https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4065.mp4 Post CPR Post-CPR and AED Procedure What Happens After CPR and AED Use Understanding the steps following CPR and AED use for effective patient recovery. Checking for Pulse and Heartbeat After administering CPR and using the AED: If the AED indicates "No shock advised", check for a carotid pulse. The carotid pulse typically returns first, indicating circulation restoration. Normal heart rate ranges from 60 to 80 beats per minute. Confirm the presence of a strong heartbeat, often visible initially. Assessing Breathing and Oxygen Saturation Next, assess the patient's breathing: Normal breathing rate is 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Observe the rise and fall of the chest to confirm breathing. Apply a pulse oximeter to monitor oxygen saturation, which should improve with restored breathing. Postural Drainage and Equipment Adjustment Adjustments and observations: Raise the stretcher slightly to facilitate postural drainage of regurgitated fluids. Replace the bag and mask setup with a non-rebreather mask once the patient is breathing independently. Continue with positive pressure ventilation if necessary until breathing stabilises. Monitoring with AED and Defibrillator Continued monitoring and readiness: Leave defibrillator pads in place and keep the AED running. AED continues to analyse rhythm every two minutes. If a shockable rhythm reoccurs, follow AED prompts to administer shocks and resume CPR. Response to Shockable Rhythm If the AED advises a shock: Revert to bag and mask ventilation. Administer defibrillation to restore normal sinus rhythm. Ensure readiness for immediate action based on AED analysis and patient response. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7261/Post_CPR-01.jpg Yes 180 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/the-hospital-resuscitation-team https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4159.mp4 The hospital resuscitation team Effective Response to Cardiac Arrest in a Hospital Setting Utilizing Patient Information and Alert Systems Preventing and Recognizing Cardiac Arrest Information from Patient Charts: A Potential Predictor Alerting the Cardiac Arrest Team: Vital Response Immediate Basic Life Support: Prioritizing Early Actions Efficient Team Response Coordinated Efforts When the Crash Team Arrives Identifying the Team Leader: A Crucial Role Assigned Responsibilities: Roles Within the Team Rotation of Roles: Ensuring Effective Chest Compressions Recording Events: Precise Minute-by-Minute Documentation Timekeeping: Ensuring Timely Intervals Collaboration and Effective Leadership Creating an Efficient and Coordinated Response Team In a hospital environment, a well-coordinated response to cardiac arrest is critical. This involves utilizing available patient information, alert systems, and efficient teamwork to maximize the chances of patient survival. Recognizing the signs leading up to cardiac arrest and initiating immediate basic life support measures are essential steps in this process. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7451/The_hospital_resuscitation_team-01.jpg Yes 145 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/improving-breaths-2015-guidelines https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1951.mp4 Improving breaths Rescue Breaths and CPR: Guidelines and Alternatives Rescue breaths play a crucial role in CPR. They should be performed correctly and with proper techniques to maximise their effectiveness in saving lives. Proper Rescue Breath Technique CPR providers should: Give rescue breaths with an inflation duration of about 1 second. Provide sufficient volume to make the victim's chest rise. Avoid rapid or forceful breaths. Limit the time between compressions and breaths to no more than 10 seconds. Dealing with Obstructions If a breath doesn't go in: Check for obstructions in the mouth, but avoid blind finger sweeps. Re-open the airway and try again, but only attempt the recommended number of times. Alternative Breathing Methods Rescue breaths can also be delivered through: Mouth-to-nose ventilation: An acceptable alternative if the victim's mouth is injured, cannot be opened, or a seal is difficult to achieve, or if the victim is in water. Mouth-to-tracheostomy ventilation: Applicable for victims with a tracheostomy tube or tracheal stoma who require rescue breathing. Barrier Devices Barrier devices can help reduce bacteria transmission during rescue breathing. However, their effectiveness in clinical practice remains unknown. Resuscitation Council Recommendations The Resuscitation Council recommends that individuals trained in CPR should perform both rescue breaths and compressions whenever possible. This is particularly important for children, asphyxial cardiac arrest victims (e.g., drowning), and cases with delayed EMS response. Compression-only CPR should only be performed if rescuers are unable to give rescue breaths. The latest CPR guidelines are the 2021 UK and European Resuscitation Council guidelines. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3515/Improving_breaths-01.jpg Yes 141 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/cpr-breaths-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4061.mp4 CPR Breaths Using a Bag Valve Mask for Effective Ventilation 1. Introduction The Importance of Ventilation in Resuscitation Complementing CPR: Ventilation complements CPR by providing essential external oxygen to the patient. Continuous Oxygen Supply: Maintaining a constant oxygen supply is crucial for positive outcomes. 2. Bag Valve Mask (BVM) Overview Understanding the Bag Valve Mask Components Components: The BVM consists of a bag, valve, and mask for oxygen delivery. Oxygen Supply: Oxygen is supplied through a connection from either a piped-in system or an oxygen cylinder. Process Flow: Oxygen fills the bag, passes through the valve, and is delivered via the mask to the patient. 3. Proper BVM Usage Effective Techniques for Bag Valve Mask Application Mask Orientation: Ensure the mask's narrow end aligns with the patient's nose, while the wider end covers both mouth and nose. Anaesthetist's Grip: Adopt the anaesthetist's grip by holding the mask with your thumb at the pointed end and your forefinger at the bottom. Airway Management: Use the three free fingers to lift the patient's chin, open the airway, and maintain proper alignment. Effective Squeezing: Apply gentle pressure to the bag for one to one and a half seconds per breath to ensure easy airflow without resistance. Monitoring for Issues: Be alert for signs of airway obstruction, indicated by difficulty in bag compression, gurgling sounds, or resistance. Minimal Breaths: Administer only two breaths within your CPR rotation; prioritize chest compressions as they are vital for maintaining blood circulation. Oxygen Safety: Remember that oxygen is combustible; exercise caution by removing it from the vicinity during defibrillation to prevent potential sparks. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7255/CPR_Breaths-01.jpg Yes 337 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/chain-of-infection-and-universal-precautions https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4168.mp4 Chain of infection and universal precautions Chain of Infection and Universal Precautions The Importance of Infection Control In a resuscitation scenario, it's vital to understand the chain of infection and apply universal precautions to protect patients, ourselves, and colleagues. Learn how to maintain safety even in high-pressure situations. Transmission of Infection Infections can spread between patients and healthcare workers through various means, including contact with bodily fluids like blood, faeces, and urine. Implementing Universal Precautions Follow these universal precautions to minimize infection risk: Glove Usage: Properly apply and remove gloves before and after patient contact. Note that gloves might contain forensic evidence. Protective Gowns: Use gowns in situations involving body fluids or cross-contamination risks. Face Masks: Cover eyes, face, nose, and mouth with masks, especially during procedures with potential blood splashes. Disposing of Equipment: Dispose of disposable infection control equipment appropriately, typically in yellow clinical waste bags (follow local colour coding). Hand Hygiene: After glove removal, wash hands with warm soapy water, extending cleaning to the elbows. Hands should be bare from the elbows down, except for one ring. Wash hands after each patient contact, before seeing another patient, before/after eating, using the toilet, or smoking. Equipment Cleaning: Thoroughly clean equipment following local protocols before reuse. By adhering to these precautions, you help break the chain of infection and ensure the safety of both patients and healthcare providers. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7469/Chain_of_infection_and_universal_precautions-01.jpg Yes 187 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/chain-of-communication https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4113.mp4 Chain of communication Effective Chain of Communication in Emergencies Introduction Understanding the crucial role of communication from the control room to the hospital in emergency situations. 1. The Control Room Clear and Accurate Information: When making a 999 call, provide clear and accurate information. Avoid slang, use proper road names, and be as descriptive as possible. Computer Algorithm: Control room operators use computer algorithms and need your responses to specific questions to dispatch the ambulance promptly. Risk and Danger: Communicate any risks, dangers, or fear you may have. This information is crucial for the safety of all responders. 2. Relay to the Ambulance Crew Radio Messages and Tablets: Information from the control room is relayed to the ambulance crew through radio messages and tablets for accurate data sharing. Efficient Response: Accurate information helps the crew find you quickly and respond appropriately. 3. Interaction with Ambulance Crew Providing Details: Describe the incident clearly, including what happened, when, and any medications involved. Crew's Dual Role: Ambulance crews multitask, listening while they begin patient care. Collaboration: Crews may talk to both the patient and the caregiver to gather comprehensive information. 4. Documenting and Observation Recording Information: Crews document the provided information and record initial observations. Baseline for Assessment: The baseline observations help evaluate the patient's condition and any changes. 5. Feedback to Control or Helicopter Feedback Loop: Information may be relayed back to the control room or to a medical helicopter for coordination. Ensuring Timely Response: Feedback helps in directing resources efficiently for patient transport. 6. Transport to Hospital Patient Loading: The crew loads the patient into the ambulance or helicopter and begins transportation. Pre-Alerting Hospital: En route, the crew informs the receiving hospital about the patient's condition, injuries, and estimated arrival time. 7. Hospital Handover Concise Handover: At the hospital, a brief but critical handover is given to the receiving medical staff. Simple and Direct: Use plain language and focus on facts and figures, avoiding unnecessary details. Continued Communication: The communication process continues until the patient is fully discharged from the hospital. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7363/Chain_of_communication-01.jpg Yes 388 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/recovery-position-ils https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4143.mp4 Recovery Position Recovery Position in a Hospital Bed Introduction In this brief video guide, we will demonstrate how to place a patient in the recovery position when using a hospital bed or in a hospital or care home setting. Preparation Before moving the patient, there are essential steps to consider: Bed Stability: Ensure the hospital bed is stable, securely fixed in place, and all brakes are engaged on all four corners. Side Curtain: Lower the side curtain to allow unobstructed access to the patient. Positioning the Patient Follow these steps to place the patient in the recovery position: Stand Close: Stand close to the bed, ensuring there's no gap between you and the side of the bed. Hand Placement: Lift the patient's right hand (or left if on the opposite side), positioning it away from their face. Protect the Face: Place the opposite hand across their face, ensuring no sharp objects or jewelry are in the way. Secure the Hand: Hold the hand in position to prevent it from falling back. Pivot Point: Lift the outside leg at the knee, using it as a pivot point. Control the Roll: Gently press down on the knee, allowing the patient to roll towards you while controlling their head. Remove Obstructions: Ensure there are no pillows or items under the patient's head that might block the airway. Maintain Control: Stay with the patient in this position, providing continuous supervision and support. By following these steps, you can safely position a patient in the recovery position in a hospital or care home environment. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7417/Recovery_Position-01.jpg Yes 183 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/how-to-use-gloves-ils https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4169.mp4 How to use gloves Effective Glove Usage and Hand Hygiene Protecting Patients and Ourselves Learn the proper way to safeguard both patients and healthcare providers through correct glove usage and hand hygiene. Importance of Correct Glove Usage Wearing disposable gloves is a fundamental infection control measure. It's essential to understand when and how to use them effectively. Adhering to Organizational Policies Most healthcare authorities and organizations have specific policies regarding glove usage. It's crucial to follow these guidelines in your workplace to ensure consistency. Considerations in Pre-Hospital Care In pre-hospital care settings, such as ambulances, there are critical moments to think about glove usage: Removing Gloves Before Driving: When transitioning from patient care in the back of an ambulance to driving, gloves should be removed to avoid cross-infection. Preventing Cross-Infection: It's common to see ambulance drivers wearing gloves while transporting patients. This poses a significant infection risk, especially when others share the same vehicle. Proper Procedure on Hospital Wards In hospital ward scenarios: Conscious Glove Removal: After tending to a patient, it's crucial to remove gloves and wash hands before assisting with other tasks or attending to another patient. Preventing Contamination: Avoid the common mistake of removing one glove and using a potentially clean hand to remove the other glove. Follow the correct procedure to minimize infection risk. Remember, gloves are just one part of infection control. After glove removal, always wash your hands thoroughly with warm, soapy water to maintain a strong line of defense against cross-infection. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7471/How_to_use_gloves-01.jpg Yes 160 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/pre-shift-checks https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4067.mp4 Pre-shift checks Pre-Shift Vehicle and Equipment Checks Introduction Before embarking on your shift, it's crucial to ensure your vehicle and equipment are in optimal condition to provide efficient and safe emergency services. Here are the essential pre-shift checks you need to perform: Vehicle Exterior Inspection Examine the Vehicle: Perform a walk-around inspection to identify dents, bumps, broken glass, or any hazards. Tire Check: Ensure tires have adequate tread and are correctly inflated. Windscreen Examination: Inspect windshields for chips or damage. Fuel Levels: Verify that the vehicle is fully fueled. Vehicle Interior Inspection Lighting System: Confirm that all lights, including blue lights, sirens, and two tones, are functioning correctly. Switches and Controls: Ensure all switches and controls operate properly. Oxygen Levels: Check that oxygen cylinders are full and an ample supply is available. Interior Organization: Secure all equipment, ensuring nothing can become a hazard during transit. Drug Inventory: Verify that all drugs are within their expiry dates and present in your kit bag. Cleanliness: Maintain a clean and organized environment, preventing bacterial contamination or blood spills. Professional Appearance: Present yourself in a clean and tidy manner to build patient trust. Responsibility and Documentation Remember, these checks are your responsibility, and thoroughness is paramount. Report and document any issues, no matter how minor they may seem. Failure to do so could lead to unwarranted responsibility in case of incidents or discrepancies. Conclusion Take your time with these pre-shift checks to ensure that both your vehicle and equipment are in excellent condition. By maintaining professionalism and diligence, you'll instill trust in your patients and contribute to the efficiency and safety of your emergency services. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7277/Pre-shift_checks-01.jpg Yes 239 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/primary-survey https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4173.mp4 Primary Survey The Primary Survey in Patient Assessment Introduction Discover the crucial steps of the primary survey in patient assessment, a fundamental process employed consistently in healthcare. The Primary Survey Components D for Danger: The initial assessment begins with evaluating the scene for potential dangers. R for Response: Assess the patient's level of consciousness by asking, "Are you okay?" CABCDE Mnemonic: Follow the mnemonic CABCDE for systematic evaluation: C for Catastrophic Bleeding: Identify and address rapid, life-threatening bleeding. A for Airway: Ensure the airway is clear to maintain breathing. B for Breathing: Assess respiratory rate, lung function, oxygen levels, and signs of cyanosis. C for Circulation: Check the patient's colour, pulse, blood pressure, and assess for bleeding or abnormalities in cavities. D for Dysfunction: Evaluate pupils, blood sugar levels, level of consciousness (using the AVPU scale), and temperature. E for Expose and Examine: Thoroughly examine the patient for rashes, oedema, bruises, haemorrhage, or other indications of their condition. Identifying Life-Threatening Conditions The primary survey is swift, taking only a few seconds, and aims to identify and address life-threatening issues promptly. Complications discovered during this survey take precedence as they pose the greatest risk to the patient's survival. Upon completing the primary survey without identifying life-threatening conditions, further investigations and assessments can be conducted. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7477/Primary_Survey-01.jpg Yes 255 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/privacy-and-dignity-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4098.mp4 Privacy and Dignity Privacy and Dignity in Patient Care Respecting Privacy Across Healthcare Environments In various healthcare settings, such as hospitals, ambulances, nursing facilities, and dental offices, patient privacy and personal information are paramount and should be treated with utmost care. Here's how to ensure patient privacy: Appropriate Questioning When conducting assessments, avoid asking overly personal questions in public areas, such as hospital corridors or crowded spaces. Patients may feel uncomfortable, shy away, or not respond at all. Some questions are essential for diagnosis and treatment, so handle them with care. Ensuring Dignity During Examination While physical examinations may require exposing parts of the body for assessment, remember to: Check Front, Back, Top, and Bottom: Examine thoroughly and recover promptly to preserve dignity. Respect Patient's Clothing: Ensure clothing is replaced or cover them appropriately. Private Environments for Private Questions Ask personal questions when you have privacy with the patient. Avoid discussing sensitive matters in public spaces or with onlookers. Respect Ambulance and Hospital Curtains Be mindful of signs indicating privacy, such as "Knock before entering" on ambulance doors and curtains around hospital beds. Avoid startling patients and respect their personal space. Space During Handovers and Record-Keeping During handovers and record-keeping, give colleagues space and avoid looking over their shoulders. Create a comfortable environment for them to work effectively without intrusion. Technology and Data Privacy In today's tech-savvy world, ensure data privacy: Screen Privacy: Position screens away from public view to safeguard patient information. No Photography: Do not take photographs on the scene, especially of patient records or paperwork. Secure Paperwork: Store paperwork securely in envelopes and hand them to authorized personnel. Delete Personal Photos: Erase any patient-related photos from your phone to comply with GDPR regulations. By respecting patient privacy and dignity and adhering to data protection guidelines, you not only maintain professionalism but also foster patient trust and cooperation. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7327/Privacy_and_Dignity-01.jpg Yes 292 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/scene-safety https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4171.mp4 Scene safety Ensuring Scene Safety in Healthcare Environments Scene Safety in Hospitals Explore the importance of maintaining scene safety in both hospital and pre-hospital settings to ensure the well-being of patients and healthcare providers. Unpredictable Hospital Scenarios Hospital environments can present unpredictable circumstances: Patient Behaviour: Patient behaviour may become challenging, requiring careful assessment and management. Collisions: In scenarios like cardiac arrests, fast-paced activities can lead to collisions with trolleys and equipment. Surface Hazards: Wet floors, even with warning signs, can pose slip hazards during emergency situations. Medical Gases: The presence of medical gases, especially in oxygen-enriched environments, creates a potential fire hazard when using defibrillation. Sharps: Proper handling and disposal of sharps are essential to prevent injuries from misplaced or mishandled sharp objects. Unpredictability in Pre-Hospital Care Pre-hospital settings come with their unique challenges: Changing Patient Behaviour: Patients' behaviour can rapidly change due to illness, injury, or pain, necessitating vigilance during assessment and treatment. Environmental Factors: Pre-hospital scenes may involve moving traffic, aggressive dogs, and violent patients, adding to the complexity and unpredictability of the situation. Real-Life Example: A personal account of an incident involving an intoxicated individual with a knife highlights the sudden and unexpected nature of pre-hospital emergencies. Always stay alert, anticipate potential dangers, and have contingency plans in place to ensure the safety of both patients and healthcare providers in these ever-changing environments. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7475/Scene_safety-01.jpg Yes 262 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/pulse-points https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1391.mp4 Pulse Points Finding Pulse Points on the Body Primary Pulse Point: Radial Pulse The main pulse point to locate is the radial pulse: Location: It's found on your wrist, just below your thumb. Technique: Use two fingers with gentle pressure to detect it. Sensation: You'll feel it pulsate against your fingers. Note: Avoid using your thumb and use only one hand. Additional Pulse Points Other pulse points on the body include: Brachial Pulse: Located further up your arm. Carotid Pulse: Found on your neck. Femoral Pulse: Situated where your leg and groin bend. Popliteal Pulse: Detectable behind your knee. Pedal Pulse: On top of the foot. Pulse as a Health Indicator Your pulse can indicate your health: If you're unwell: You may lose peripheral pulses, starting with the radial pulse and pedal pulse. This protects the vital areas of your body. Carotid pulse loss occurs in cases of cardiac arrest or death. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2509/Pulse_Points-01.jpg Yes 134 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/manual-defibrilation https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3631.mp4 Manual defibrilation Manual Defibrillation: Vital Techniques and Considerations Introduction Understanding the Role and Limitations of Manual Defibrillation Qualified Use: Only for Competent Responders Life-Threatening Arrhythmias: When to Administer a Shock Biphasic Shock: Depolarizing the Heart for Natural Restart Manual defibrillation is a critical skill that requires competence in recognizing specific life-threatening arrhythmias. Manual Defibrillation Process Steps for Effective Manual Defibrillation Continuous CPR: Coordinated Efforts with Chest Compressions Pads Placement: Ensuring Proper Contact Rhythm Assessment: Identifying VF and Pulseless VT Joule Selection: Choosing the Appropriate Energy Level Manual defibrillation involves a systematic process, starting with assessing the patient's heart rhythm and selecting the correct energy level. Setting the Joules and Shock Delivery Configuring the Defibrillator for Safe and Effective Shocks Joule Range: Typically 150 to 360 Joules for Adults Energy Select: Choosing the Initial Joules Charging: Preparing for the Shock Shock Administration: Ensuring Safety and Effectiveness Proper configuration and safe shock delivery are essential components of manual defibrillation. Post-Shock Protocol Immediate Actions Following a Manual Defibrillation Chest Compressions: Resuming Compressions to Support Circulation Continuous Monitoring: Observing for Signs of Life or Perfusion After administering a shock, prompt resumption of chest compressions is crucial to maintain circulation and support the patient. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6471/Manual_defibrilation-01.jpg Yes 185 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/infant-choking-ils https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4142.mp4 Infant choking How to Respond When an Infant is Choking Choking is a critical emergency, especially in infants, requiring swift and effective intervention to prevent severe outcomes. Understanding Choking in Infants Infants are more prone to choking on food or small objects. Quick action is essential in these situations to ensure their safety. Mild vs. Severe Choking Mild Obstruction: Some air passage remains, and the infant can cough. Severe Obstruction: Airway is completely blocked, preventing breathing, crying, or coughing. Immediate Actions for Severe Choking Follow these steps carefully to assist a choking infant: Step 1: Back Blows Lay the infant face down along your thigh while sitting. Support their head with one hand. With the heel of your other hand, give up to five firm back-blows between the shoulder blades. Check between blows for any dislodged obstruction. Step 2: Checking the Mouth Turn the infant over and lay them on your leg face-up to inspect their mouth: Remove visible obstructions carefully. Avoid blind finger sweeps. Step 3: Chest Thrusts While the infant is still lying face-up on your leg, locate the breastbone. Perform up to five chest thrusts using two thumbs with your hands around the chest, pressing inwards and downwards. Repeat back blows and chest thrusts if the obstruction remains. If the Infant Becomes Unconscious Immediately check for breathing and prepare to start CPR if there is no breath. Call Emergency Services or have someone call them if not done already. Conclusion Being prepared to act in a choking emergency can save an infant's life. Practice and familiarity with these procedures can make a critical difference. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7413/infant_choking.jpg Yes 231 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/oxygen-giving-set https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4052.mp4 Oxygen Giving Set Oxygen Giving Set Usage Understanding Oxygen Giving Sets Essential Equipment for Oxygen Delivery Components of an Oxygen Giving Set Exploring the Key Elements Schrader Valve: The connection point to the oxygen supply. Glass Flow Meter: Measures oxygen flow in litres per minute with a floating ball gauge. Regulator: Controls and adjusts the oxygen flow rate. Oxygen Port: Connects to the oxygen delivery device (mask or nasal cannula). Connecting the Oxygen Giving Set Securely Attaching to the Oxygen Supply On the wall of a hospital ward or in a vehicle equipped with a plumbed-in oxygen system, you'll find an oxygen port. Follow these steps to connect the oxygen giving set: Insert the Schrader valve into the oxygen port and push until it clicks and locks in place. Turn the valve on to initiate oxygen flow. Observe the flow rate on the gauge, typically set to 15 litres per minute in cardiac arrest situations. Oxygen Delivery to the Patient Administering Oxygen Safely Connect the oxygen giving set to the oxygen delivery device, such as a mask. Adjust the flow rate as needed. The patient will receive oxygen with each breath. Monitor the patient's condition and adjust the flow rate accordingly. Turn off the oxygen and dispose of the mask properly if no longer needed. The oxygen giving set remains in place for potential further use. Disconnecting the Oxygen Giving Set Safely Removing the Equipment If you need to remove the oxygen giving set: Turn off the vehicle's oxygen supply and release pressure from the system by opening the valve. Press the circle around the Schrader valve to release it, ensuring safety by depressurizing the system before removal. Always prioritize safety when handling oxygen equipment to prevent accidents and injuries. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7233/Oxygen_Giving_Set-01.jpg Yes 235 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/newborn-cpr-for-bls-healthcare-professionals https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3264.mp4 Newborn CPR for BLS Healthcare Professionals Newborn CPR Guidelines for Healthcare Professionals This document outlines the basic CPR guidelines tailored for healthcare professionals when assisting newborns. These protocols differ significantly from those applied to older infants, reflecting the unique physiological conditions and needs of newborns. Understanding Newborn Conditions Newborns' physical state at birth can vary widely, from healthy and vigorous to critically ill. Recognising these conditions promptly is vital: Healthy Newborns: Typically appear blue but quickly gain colour, demonstrating good muscle tone and a heart rate between 120-150 beats per minute. Less Healthy Newborns: May remain blue, show reduced muscle tone, and have a heart rate below 100 beats per minute. Seriously Ill Newborns: Present with pallor, lack of muscle tone, no breathing effort, and a slow or undetectable heart rate. Initial Steps in Newborn CPR Immediate actions are crucial for stabilising the newborn: Ensure the baby is warm and dry, placing them on their back with the head in a neutral position. Assess the baby's tone, breathing, and heart rate, and record these vital signs. If there's no breathing or only gasping after 30 seconds, seek help and consider monitoring oxygen levels. Open the airway and deliver five inflation breaths, reassessing the heart rate afterwards. Advancing Care If there's no improvement, re-open the airway and repeat the inflation breaths, considering two-person airway control if feasible. Initiate chest compressions if the heart rate is below 60 bpm, following a 3:1 compression to breath ratio. Continuously monitor vital signs every 30 seconds throughout resuscitation. Additional Considerations Further actions may include: Establishing venous access for drug administration. Adjusting oxygen levels based on oximetry readings. Communication and Teamwork Keeping the parents informed and conducting a debrief with the healthcare team are critical final steps. Note: This guide is intended for healthcare professionals trained in newborn resuscitation and not for laypersons or standard first aiders. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5715/Newborn_CPR_for_BLS_Healthcare_Professionals-01.jpg Yes 123 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/hazards-of-using-oxygen https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1290.mp4 Hazards of using oxygen Safety and Handling of Medical Oxygen: Essential Guidelines Oxygen Toxicity Hazards Understanding the Risks of Prolonged Medical Oxygen Use CNS Oxygen Toxicity: A Rare Central Nervous System Condition Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity: Rare Pulmonary Effects While rare, the hazards of medical oxygen use include CNS and pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Oxygen's Combustion Risks Recognizing the Fire Triangle Component and Combustion Dangers Fire Triangle Component: Oxygen's Role High Combustion Potential: Vigorous Burning of Materials Dangerous Combinations: Risks with Oils, Greases, Tarry Substances, and Plastics Medical oxygen strongly supports combustion and poses risks with various substances. Equipment Handling Ensuring Safe Handling, Cleaning, and Maintenance of Equipment Proper Equipment Care: Cleaning and Maintenance as Per Manufacturer's Specifications Explosion Risks: Avoiding Carbon Build-up and Sparks Indoor Use: Ensuring Adequate Ventilation and Fire Safety Guidelines for safe handling and storage of oxygen equipment and minimizing explosion risks. Use of Oxygen with AEDs Precautions When Combining Oxygen and Automated External Defibrillators Spark Risks: Removing Oxygen Mask During AED Shock Safe Equipment: Use Only Oxygen-Compatible Devices Safely combining oxygen and AEDs while considering potential sparking hazards. Storage and Transportation Proper Handling During Storage and Transportation Correct Storage: Following Manufacturer's Recommendations Warning Signs: Display in Buildings and Vehicles Safe Transport: Securing Oxygen to Prevent Damage or Injury Regular Servicing: Ensuring Equipment Fitness Guidelines for storing, transporting, and servicing oxygen equipment. Legal Considerations Understanding Legal Requirements and Risk Assessments Prescription Status: Oxygen as a Prescription Drug in Some Countries Hazardous Substance: Conducting Workplace Risk Assessments Special Requirements: Identifying Storage and Labeling Needs Legal aspects and risk assessments related to the handling of medical oxygen. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2295/Hazards_of_using_oxygen-01.jpg Yes 145 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/cpr-introduction-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4060.mp4 CPR Introduction Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Basics The Importance of CPR Enhancing Survival Rates through Proper Technique UK's Cardiac Arrest Statistics: 90,000 to 120,000 deaths annually, but an 85% survival rate is possible. Current Survival Rate: Approximately 15%-17%, indicating the need for improved CPR understanding and execution. CPR Misconception: Many find CPR daunting, yet it involves fundamental principles that need simplification. Goals of Effective CPR Optimal Chest Compressions for Cerebral Perfusion Proper Chest Compression: Accurate placement over the sternum, aiming for the nipple line, and achieving 5-6 cm depth. Surface Matters: Effective CPR on a hard surface (e.g., floor) rather than softer surfaces like beds or chairs. Blood Squeezing: CPR aims to manually pump blood from the heart to the brain, with an efficiency of around 30%. The Brain: Primary Resuscitation Target Understanding the Irreplaceable Importance of Brain Resuscitation Terminal Brain Damage: After about 8 minutes without oxygen, the brain becomes irreversibly damaged. Continuous CPR: Minimize interruptions; pauses should not exceed 2 seconds, except when applying a defibrillator. Breath Timing: If giving breaths, allocate 2 seconds (1 second per breath) before resuming CPR. Effective Chest Compressions Key Techniques for Maintaining Brain Oxygenation Compression Rate: Aim for 100-120 compressions per minute to ensure adequate blood flow from the heart to the brain. Blood Oxygen Retention: Understand that there's approximately 6-8 minutes of retained oxygen in the bloodstream after the heart stops. Compression Cycle: Compress to empty the heart and fully release to allow the heart to refill; maintain an efficient cycle. Conclusion Crucial Understanding of CPR Objectives CPR, or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, hinges on delivering proper chest compressions to maximize blood flow to the brain, the most critical aspect of resuscitation. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7253/CPR_Introduction-01.jpg Yes 278 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/when-oxygen-is-used https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1299.mp4 When Oxygen is Used The Vital Role of Oxygen in Modern Medicine Introduction Understanding Oxygen's Historical Significance and Contemporary Importance Early Recognition: Oxygen's Respiration Support Dating Back to 1800 Medical Utilization: Oxygen's Entry into the Medical Field in 1810 Evolution of Usage: 150 Years to Widespread Medical Adoption The journey of oxygen in medicine, from its early recognition to its pivotal role today. Oxygen Therapy Advancements Progression Towards Rational and Scientific Oxygen Therapy Mid-20th Century: Transformation of Oxygen Therapy Modern Medicine: Indispensability of Oxygen Support Oxygen therapy's evolution into a rational and scientific practice, crucial in modern healthcare. Oxygen's Biological Significance Essentiality for Cell Metabolism and Physiological Function Cell Metabolism: Oxygen's Vital Role Tissue Oxygenation: Key to Normal Physiological Function Addressing Hypoxia: Elevating Inspired Oxygen Concentration Understanding how oxygen supports cellular metabolism and physiological well-being. Challenges in Oxygenation Ensuring Effective Oxygen Transfer and Adequate Ventilation Effective Oxygenation: A Prerequisite for Patient Benefit Importance of Adequate Ventilation: Maximizing Hypoxia Reversal Overcoming challenges to ensure oxygen's therapeutic benefits reach the patient. Wide Spectrum of Medical Uses Oxygen's Versatility in Diverse Medical Scenarios Anaesthetic Techniques: Foundation for Modern Anaesthesia Tissue Oxygen Restoration: Improving Options for Various Conditions Life Support: Vital for Artificially Ventilated Patients Infection Reduction: Minimizing Surgical Wound Infections Cardiovascular Stability: Aiding in Maintaining Heart Health The multifaceted applications of medical oxygen in diverse medical scenarios. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2331/When_Oxygen_is_Used-01.jpg Yes 103 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/pulse-oximetry https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2738.mp4 Pulse Oximetry Understanding Pulse Oximetry: Proper Usage and Considerations 1. Introduction to Pulse Oximetry An in-depth guide to the use of pulse oximetry and vital considerations. 1.1 Assessing the Patient Key Patient Assessment: Evaluate the patient's color, breathing effort, and overall condition for signs of oxygen or breathing problems. Check for muscle damage, fractures, or chest injuries, as they may impact oxygen delivery. 2. Proper Usage of Pulse Oximetry Exploring the correct application and use of pulse oximetry for accurate readings. 2.1 Placement and Precautions Crucial Placement and Precautions: Pulse oximeters are typically applied to the finger, earlobe, or nasal cavities. Nail cleanliness is essential, as nail varnish can affect accuracy. Ensure there are no restrictions on blood flow to the measurement site, including tourniquets or tight clothing. Environmental factors such as room oxygen levels and carbon monoxide should be considered for accurate readings. 2.2 Capillary Refill Quick Capillary Refill Test: Perform a capillary refill test by squeezing the finger; refill should occur in under two seconds. Delayed refill may indicate blood flow restriction, potentially affecting oximeter readings. 2.3 Assessing Finger Colour Evaluating Finger Colour: Check for cyanosis in the fingertips before attaching the pulse oximeter. Cyanosis suggests an oxygen problem and should be noted. 3. Types of Pulse Oximeters Understanding the different types of pulse oximeters and their usage. 3.1 Finger Probes and Ambulance Probes Varieties of Pulse Oximeters: There are two main types: small finger probes and more complex ambulance probes. 4. Interpreting Readings Deciphering pulse oximeter readings and their implications for patient care. 4.1 Oxygen Saturation Levels Understanding Oxygen Saturation: Ideal oxygen saturation range: 95-98%. Values within this range indicate sufficient oxygen supply and normal breathing. Values below 95% suggest hypoxia and the need for oxygen supplementation. 5. Making Informed Decisions Using accurate statistics and patient data to make informed decisions regarding oxygen therapy. 5.1 Data-Driven Decisions Guidance for Decision-Making: Consider patient condition, pulse oximeter readings, and clinical assessment when determining the need for oxygen therapy. Ensure decisions are based on factual information rather than assumptions. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/4895/Pulse_Oximetry-01.jpg Yes 212 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/course-introduction-pils-course https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4244.mp4 Course introduction Welcome to the Pediatric Immediate Life Support Level Three Online Course Course Overview This course is aligned with the Skills for Health UK Core Skill Training Framework (UK-CSTF) for resuscitation skills. Course Format Online Accessibility: Take the course 100% online or opt for a practical session with our approved instructors. Flexible Learning: Start and stop the course at your convenience, with the ability to resume exactly where you left off. Device Compatibility: Accessible on any device (computer, smartphone, tablet). Video Features: Pin videos for simultaneous viewing of text, watch videos again at any time, and use subtitles for enhanced learning. Knowledge Review: Answer knowledge review questions and take a short completion test. Completion: Print your completion certificate and additional downloads upon passing the test. Additional Support and Resources Course Access: Access the course for eight months from the start date, even after completing the test. Training Updates: Regular updates and new materials added; check back frequently. Company Solutions: Free company dashboards available for workplace training needs; contact us for more information. Support: Comprehensive support available throughout your training via email, phone, or online chat. Email Notifications: Receive weekly emails to keep your skills current and informed about course updates and blog news. We hope you find this course valuable. Thank you for choosing ProTrainings. Good luck with your training! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7621/Course_introduction-01.jpg Yes 152 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/stable-angina https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2906.mp4 Stable angina Understanding Stable Angina: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Common Issue in the UK Stable Angina is a prevalent concern in the UK, primarily due to the high incidence of coronary heart disease and the lifestyle factors affecting the population's health. Arterial Buildup Resembling Limescale Stable Angina arises when the coronary arteries, responsible for supplying blood to the heart muscle, begin to accumulate deposits, akin to the buildup of limescale in plumbing pipes. This buildup consists of plaque and dietary fats that gradually accumulate on the inner walls of the coronary arteries, causing a narrowing of the artery's lumen. Increased Blood Pressure and Age-Related Progression The narrowing of the coronary arteries results in elevated blood pressure within these vessels. Physicians routinely measure blood pressure, especially in individuals over the age of 40, to monitor trends indicative of arterial inflammation and increased blood pressure. Unfortunately, once plaque buildup commences, it is irreversible and tends to worsen over time, particularly in individuals with unhealthy habits such as poor diet, smoking, and insufficient physical activity. Angina Triggers and Symptoms During physical exertion or situations that demand increased oxygen delivery, like climbing uphill, the heart beats faster to supply the required oxygen. However, the narrowed arteries hinder the adequate flow of blood, resulting in oxygen deprivation and subsequent muscle cramping, leading to angina pain. This pain typically manifests in the chest and is challenging to distinguish from a heart attack. It's essential to note that while angina, heart attacks, and cardiac arrest share some connections, they represent distinct medical conditions. In this context, we focus on stable angina, named so because its triggers and alleviating factors are well-understood. Treatment with GTN (Glycerol Trinitrate) A commonly prescribed medication for stable angina is GTN, glycerol trinitrate, usually available in a red bottle with a metered spray or as tablets for sublingual administration. GTN works by dilating blood vessels, enhancing blood flow to the heart muscles, and relieving pain. However, it may lead to side effects, such as intense headaches and blood pressure drops, which can cause fainting if overdosed. Consequently, GTN should be used cautiously under medical guidance to monitor and mitigate potential side effects. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5205/Stable_angina-01.jpg Yes 182 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/how-the-heart-works https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3639.mp4 How The Heart Works Understanding the Heart: Function and Implications Introduction to Cardiac Function In this educational video, we delve into the intricate workings of the heart. The heart, positioned centrally within the adult chest with a slight leftward bias, comprises four chambers filled with blood. These chambers are divided into left and right sides, each serving distinct circulatory functions. The heart's unique physiology involves countless tiny myocytes, generating electrical impulses that orchestrate sequential contractions, propelling blood in a unidirectional flow. Essential valves regulate these processes, responding to chamber pressures. The Cardiac Electrical Conduction System The heart's electrical conduction system commences with the Sinoatrial Node (SA Node), often referred to as the pacemaker of the heart. This node, under nervous system control, initiates electrical impulses. The impulse then travels across the atria, reaching the Atrioventricular (AV) Node. The AV node slows the impulse to allow blood passage from the atria to the ventricles, coordinating this flow via atrioventricular valves. Subsequently, the signal proceeds through the Bundle of His into the left and right bundle branches, ultimately activating the Purkinje Fibres. This prompts a wave of depolarization, causing ventricular muscle contractions and blood ejection into both pulmonary and systemic circulations. Heart Rate Regulation The heart's rhythm is typically controlled by the vagus nerve, adjusting the rate to maintain blood pressure and organ perfusion. Systemic issues, such as shock, fever, or hypothermia, can disrupt this nervous control. In cases of tachycardias and bradycardias, it's crucial to differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic causes. Recording an ECG rhythm assists in this determination. Supraventricular Tachycardias Supraventricular tachycardias, often resulting from intrinsic factors, can lead to heart rates exceeding 200 beats per minute. This increased rate hampers ventricular filling, reducing cerebral perfusion and blood pressure. Management involves simulating increased vagal influence, achieved by applying pressure to the carotid sinus. If unsuccessful, medications like Adenosine are administered. Amiodarone may be used for broader complex rhythms. If all else fails, electrical cardioversion may be necessary. Cardiac Ischemia and Arrhythmias Cardiac ischemia can disrupt the electrical conduction system, leading to arrhythmias. Re-entry tachycardias can result from hypoxic conditions, causing rapid impulses. As heart rate increases, ventricular filling time decreases, potentially causing shock symptoms. Managing supraventricular tachycardias involves mimicking increased vagal influence, medication administration, and, in severe cases, electrical cardioversion. Summary of Cardiac Blood Flow In summary, blood enters the heart through the right atrium, is pumped into the right ventricle, and then directed to the pulmonary circulation for oxygenation. Oxygen-rich blood returns via the left atrium, enters the left ventricle, and is ejected into the systemic circulation, supplying organs throughout the body. This intricate process maintains essential oxygen and nutrient delivery to body tissues. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6491/How_the_heart_works-01.jpg Yes 646 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/deciding-when-to-stop-resuscitation https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3624.mp4 Deciding when to stop resuscitation Terminating Resuscitation: Decision-Making Process Introduction Understanding When to Cease Resuscitation Efforts In this discussion, we will explore the critical decision-making process involved in terminating resuscitation efforts. This decision is both possible and advisable when specific conditions are met, such as a patient being in asystole or experiencing a broad-complex PEA (Pulseless Electrical Activity) with a heart rate of fewer than 60 beats per minute for a duration exceeding 20 minutes despite ongoing resuscitation attempts. Key Criteria for Terminating Resuscitation Determining When Further Resuscitation is Futile Asystole or Broad-Complex PEA: When the patient is in asystole or a broad-complex PEA with a heart rate below 60 bpm for over 20 minutes despite resuscitative measures. Rhythm Assessment: Pause resuscitation to assess the cardiac rhythm, confirming the absence of electrical activity (asystole). Age Confirmation: Verify that the patient is not less than 18 years old. Exclusion of Specific Conditions: Confirm the absence of hypothermia, drowning, traumatic cardiac arrest due to penetrating injuries, and pregnancy. Unanimous Decision: Ensure agreement among the resuscitation team to stop further resuscitation efforts. Making the Difficult Decision Considering the Patient's Best Interests Terminating resuscitation is a challenging decision, especially in cases involving younger patients. However, when a patient remains in asystole for over 20 minutes without meeting specific criteria, it becomes necessary to cease resuscitation efforts. This decision aligns with established protocols and aims to allocate resources effectively and prioritise patients with a higher likelihood of positive outcomes. It's essential to consider the specific criteria for termination: All children under 18 years old must be transported to a Resus department. Patient care continues until normothermia is achieved for those with hypothermia or drowning. Patients with penetrating trauma (e.g., stab or gunshot wounds) should be transported to a hospital where they can receive blood products. In cases involving pregnant patients, resuscitation focuses on the mother's well-being while aiming to save the baby as well. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6461/Deciding_when_to_stop_resuscitation-01.jpg Yes 144 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/non-shockable-rhythms https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3640.mp4 Non shockable rhythms Understanding Cardiac Arrest: Causes, Rhythms, and Initial Response Non-Shockable Rhythms in Cardiac Arrest In some cardiac arrest cases, the heart enters a non-shockable rhythm. During the initial stages, the primary treatment involves high-quality chest compressions and ventilations. It's crucial to note that the chances of reverting asystole (flatline) back into a life-supporting rhythm are less than 6%. In contrast, for ventricular fibrillation, the success rate is approximately 40%. Understanding the Causes Cardiac arrest can be attributed to various factors, and a helpful mnemonic to remember these causes is the four H's and four T's. Recognizing these reversible causes is essential during a cardiac arrest scenario: The Four H's Hypoxia: Inadequate oxygen supply Hypothermia: Dangerously low body temperature Hypovolemia: Low blood volume Metabolic Imbalances: Includes hypo/hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis The Four T's Cardiac Tamponade: Compression of the heart due to fluid accumulation Tension Pneumothorax: Build-up of air in the chest, causing pressure on the heart Toxins: Poisoning or exposure to harmful substances Thromboembolic: Blood clots or embolisms, often following a heart attack or stroke In the pre-hospital setting, thromboembolic events, such as those occurring after a myocardial infarction (heart attack) or a significant cerebrovascular accident (CVA or stroke), are among the more frequently encountered causes of cardiac arrest. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6485/Non_shockable_rhythms-01.jpg Yes 99 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/cpr-overview-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3622.mp4 Advanced CPR Overview Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Essentials Understanding CPR and Its Purpose Efforts to Maintain Cerebral Perfusion Cardiac Arrest: Occurs when the heart ceases to beat; it is essential to recognize and act quickly. Objective: Replicate heart function to ensure oxygen flow to the brain. CPR Technique: Involves chest compressions to pump blood through the circulatory system. Recognizing Cardiac Arrest Identifying Unresponsiveness and Abnormal Breathing Signs of Cardiac Arrest: May include seizure-like movements, incomprehensible sounds, and initial eye opening. Breathing Patterns: Breathing may continue but become irregular and agonal gasps, often mistaken for normal breathing. Confirmation: Verify unresponsiveness and absence of normal breathing through stimulation and assessment. Starting Chest Compressions Effective Chest Compression Technique Positioning: Ensure proper alignment for efficient chest compressions. Technique: Use interlocked fingers to compress the lower half of the sternum at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute. Efficiency: Maintain an ideal position to prevent fatigue and ensure effective compression depth. Compressions and Ventilations Proper Sequence and Considerations CPR Sequence: Begin with 30 compressions followed by two ventilations if necessary. Ventilations: Not always essential for adult cardiac arrest; focus on compressions that circulate available oxygen. Effort Continuation: Despite fatigue, maintain uninterrupted chest compressions to sustain perfusion pressure. Calling for Help Seeking Assistance During CPR Lonely Rescuer: If alone, call for help and continue CPR until additional assistance arrives. Hospital Setting: Activate the crash team and continue 30 compressions to two ventilations. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6457/Advanced_CPR_Overview-01.jpg Yes 387 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/pulseless-ventricular-tachycardia https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3641.mp4 Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation: Causes and Treatment Ventricular Tachycardia: Re-entrant Tachycardia in the Ventricles Another form of tachycardia originates in the ventricles, specifically as a re-entrant tachycardia. It may be caused by ischemic myocardium, resulting in an abnormal electrical circuit forming a short circuit within the ventricles. Unlike rhythms controlled by the nervous system, ventricular tachycardia operates independently, reducing ventricular filling time and cardiac output as the heart rate increases. If left untreated, it can progress to a pulseless ventricular tachycardia, leading to cardiac arrest with no palpable radial pulse. Immediate action involves rapidly identifying this condition and delivering a DC shock using a defibrillator. Ventricular Fibrillation: Chaotic Electrical Activity Ventricular fibrillation is another shockable rhythm frequently encountered, particularly in pre-hospital settings following significant heart attacks. It involves dis-coordinated and erratic electrical activity within the heart, resulting in the ventricular walls fibrillating instead of efficiently ejecting blood. This rapid deterioration leads to unconsciousness. For ventricular fibrillation, the treatment involves delivering a DC shock without delay. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6487/Pulseless_Ventricular_Tachycardia-01.jpg Yes 104 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/transport-of-cylinders https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1298.mp4 Transport of Cylinders Safe Transport and Use of Medical Oxygen Cylinders Transporting Medical Oxygen Cylinders Ensuring Safety on the Move Location and Restraint: Proper Cylinder Placement Leak Prevention: Ensuring Cylinder Integrity Driver Awareness: Hazards and Emergency Response Location and Restraint Key Steps for Safe Cylinder Transport Leak Prevention Protecting Cylinders from Potential Leaks Driver Awareness Equipping Drivers with Essential Knowledge It is crucial to follow these guidelines for the secure transport and use of medical oxygen cylinders in vehicles, ensuring the safety of all involved. Using Medical Oxygen Within a Vehicle Safety Measures for In-Vehicle Oxygen Usage No Smoking: Ensuring Smoke-Free Environments Minimal Cylinders: Efficient Gas Supply Proper Restraint: Securing Cylinders Valve Management: Cylinder Valve Guidelines Ventilation: Maintaining Fresh Air Attentiveness: Preventing Unattended Cylinders No Smoking Strict Smoking Prohibition in Vehicles Minimal Cylinders Carrying Only What's Necessary Proper Restraint Securing Cylinders During Transport Valve Management Guidelines for Cylinder Valve Usage Ventilation Maintaining Adequate Vehicle Ventilation Attentiveness Preventing Unattended Cylinders in Vehicles Adhering to these safety measures is essential when using medical oxygen within a vehicle, promoting safety during journeys and activities. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2333/Transport_of_Cylinders-01.jpg Yes 86 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/atrial-fibrilation- https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3637.mp4 Atrial Fibrillation Atrial Fibrillation: Causes, Risks, and Treatment Understanding Atrial Fibrillation Atrial fibrillation, commonly encountered in both pre-hospital and hospital settings, is a distinct form of tachycardia characterized by disorganized electrical activity within the atria. Visually, it appears as though the atria are in a state of standstill, failing to contract as they should. This condition raises significant concerns regarding blood flow and clot formation, demanding our attention and vigilance. Blood Flow Disruption In atrial fibrillation, blood flows from the atria into the ventricles without coordinated atrial contractions. Approximately 70% of the blood manages to navigate through the atrioventricular valves under pressure. However, a crucial issue arises as around 30% of the blood remains trapped within the fibrillating atria, increasing the risk of clot formation. Clot Formation and Stroke Risk While blood typically moves smoothly from the atria to the ventricles, there is a chance that clots may be swept along this irregular path. These clots can eventually exit through the aorta and frequently ascend the carotid arteries, eventually reaching the brain. The consequence is a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or stroke, posing a severe and immediate threat to the patient's health. Managing Atrial Fibrillation Patient care for atrial fibrillation, particularly in a hospital setting, encompasses several crucial strategies aimed at mitigating the risk of stroke and promoting stable heart function: Administration of calcium channel blockers like diltiazem to restore normal heart rhythm. Use of beta blockers to control heart rate and maintain cardiac stability. Initiation of anticoagulant therapies to prevent clot formation and reduce the risk of stroke. By adopting these comprehensive treatment approaches, medical professionals can effectively manage atrial fibrillation, enhancing patient outcomes and minimizing the risk of stroke. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6483/Atrial_Fibrillation-01.jpg Yes 90 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/managing-the-airway https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3626.mp4 Managing the airway Managing a Patient's Airway: Techniques and Tools Recognizing Airway Problems Before addressing airway management, it's crucial to identify whether an airway issue exists. Our ears play a vital role in this. Listen for abnormal sounds such as squeaking, rustling, or gurgling, as they may indicate an obstructed or impending airway problem. Basic Airway Techniques Let's explore simple yet effective techniques for opening a patient's airway using just our hands: 1. Mandible and Jaw Angle Identification: Start by locating the patient's mandible and jaw angle. Use this to open the mouth and check for obstructions. Remove any obstructions without pushing them further back. 2. Jaw Thrust Maneuver: If the airway remains partially obstructed, perform a jaw thrust maneuver. Place two fingers under the jaw angle and the heel of your hand on the cheekbone, then push the jaw forward to clear the tongue from the oral pharynx. 3. Triple-Airway Maneuver: If needed, employ the triple-airway maneuver by using your thumbs to open the mouth and tilt the head back. This is effective for partially occluded airways and provides a clear view into the oral pharynx. Using Suction Tools Various suction tools are available to clear obstructed airways, especially in cases involving vomit, blood, or saliva: 1. Handheld Suction Device: Utilize a handheld suction device to visualize the back of the airway. Insert the suction catheter down as far as you can see and suction for a maximum of 10 seconds to remove any obstructions. Clearing the airway results in quiet breathing. 2. Flexible Suction Catheter: This catheter is useful in moving vehicles where rigidity may cause soft tissue damage. It can also suction the nasal cavity and the inside of airway devices. 3. Hospital Suction Device: Hospitals often use vacuum pumps connected by tubing at the head end of the bed. While effective for various fluids, they can become easily occluded if the patient vomits. Remember to exercise caution and professionalism when performing airway management procedures. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6465/Managing_the_airway-01.jpg Yes 261 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/child-choking-ils https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4141.mp4 Child choking Managing Choking Incidents in Children Understanding Choking in Children Age-Related Risks and Key Considerations Choking incidents in children typically occur between the ages of one and twelve years old. During this stage: Airway Characteristics: Children in this age group have narrow, flexible airways with relatively larger tongues compared to adults, making them more prone to choking. Common Choking Behaviors: Children tend to experiment by inserting objects into their mouth, nose, and ears, increasing the likelihood of foreign objects obstructing their airways. Responding to Choking in Children Effective Techniques and Considerations Positioning for Airway Management Creating a Safe and Accessible Work Environment Ensure the child is in a position that facilitates safe and effective airway management: Elevated Surface: Place the child on a chair, table, or bring them up to a suitable height to work safely. Kneeling Position: If needed, kneel behind the child to work at their level, ensuring a secure and controlled environment. Clearing the Airway Step-by-Step Response to Choking Follow these steps to address choking in a child: Check the Airway: Examine the airway for any visible obstructions or debris that can be safely removed. Back Slaps: Administer gentle, firm back blows between the child's shoulder blades while encouraging them to cough. Encouraging Cough: Promote coughing to expand the airway and help dislodge the blockage. Children may resist, but it's crucial to encourage them to expel air from their lungs to aid in clearing the obstruction. Transition to Resuscitation (If Necessary) Continued Actions in Case of Unconsciousness If the child becomes unconscious, initiate the resuscitation process: Resuscitation Sequence: Begin with five breaths followed by 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths (30:2 ratio). Clearing the Airway: The priority is to either move the obstruction into the lung or expel it from the airway, ensuring proper airflow for the child. Remember, it's imperative to clear the airway to ensure the child's well-being. In case the obstruction is directed into the lung, it can be addressed through surgical removal, but immediate action is vital. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7411/Child_choking-01.jpg Yes 176 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/use-of-suction https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3655.mp4 Using a suction unit Using Electronic Suction Unit for Airway Management Setting Up the Electronic Suction Unit In this section, we will guide you through the process of setting up and using an electronic or battery-powered suction unit for airway management during emergencies. Preparing the Suction Unit: Start by removing the suction pipe from the unit and attaching it securely. Powering On: Turn on the suction unit to initiate the suction process. Adjust the suction strength as needed, especially in situations like cardiac arrest with airway occlusion due to fluids. Commencing Suction: Proceed to suction the airway efficiently and swiftly. Ensure that you only insert the suction catheter as far as you can see and use a sweeping motion. The goal is to clear the airway promptly. Using the Suction Catheter Utilizing the suction catheter correctly is crucial for effective airway clearance. Follow these steps: Airway Preparation: Open the patient's airway and maintain it using your palm. Catheter Insertion: Carefully insert the suction catheter into the back of the throat, only going as far as you can see. Efficient Suctioning: Begin suctioning with a sweeping motion, minimizing the duration to clear the airway swiftly. Remember that suction catheters vary in size and length, with specific purposes. Note that some catheters feature a notch to prevent solids from blocking the suction, making them suitable for fluids, blood, and small debris. Larger obstructions may require a catheter with a larger diameter. Tailor your choice to the situation, considering airway devices like OP or nasal airways. Special Considerations for Children When dealing with paediatric patients, be aware of their smaller, more delicate airways. Children's airways are prone to swelling and obstruction, and their anatomy differs from adults. Keep these factors in mind when performing airway management and suctioning. Cleaning and Disposal After completing suctioning and ensuring a clear and patent airway, follow these steps for cleaning and disposal: Emptying the Suction Pipe: Turn on the unit, detach the catheter pipe, and allow it to drain any residual fluid. Then, remove the pipe. Disposing of Bio-Hazardous Material: Place all used pipework and the canister, which contains potentially hazardous materials, into a bio-hazard bag for proper disposal. Unit Cleaning: Wipe down the suction unit, including all pipes and buttons, to eliminate any potential contamination. Sterilize the unit and components as needed. Always remember to wear gloves when handling bio-hazardous materials in real-life scenarios to ensure safety. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7239/Using_a_suction_unit-01.jpg Yes 255 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/boc-oxygen-kit https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/910.mp4 BOC Oxygen Kit LIFELINE Oxygen Kit Portable and Reliable Oxygen Support Your Essential Medical Oxygen Solution Kit Contents What's Inside the LIFELINE Kit Lightweight Oxygen Cylinder: Easy to Transport Integral Regulator: Convenient and Efficient Various Oxygen Masks: Customized Options Oxygen Delivery Flexible Oxygen Flow Rates Range: 1 to 15 Litres Per Minute Duration: Up to 30 Minutes at Highest Flow Rate Ensures Stability: Prevents Deterioration of Casualty Annual Cylinder Inspection BOC Healthcare's Quality Assurance Analyzing and Maintaining Cylinder Performance Refill and Customization Convenient Services to Meet Your Needs Next Working Day Refill Service: Prompt Support Tailoring Options: Additional Equipment Benefits Advantages of the LIFELINE Oxygen Kit Safe and User-Friendly: Suitable for All Portability: Easy to Carry Variable Flow Rates: Precise Oxygen Delivery Annual Maintenance: Reliability Assurance Refill Convenience: Timely Support Infection Risk Reduction: Minimal Patient Contact The LIFELINE Oxygen Kit offers a comprehensive solution for medical oxygen needs, ensuring portability, reliability, and ease of use. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/1585/BOC_Oxygen_Kit-01.jpg Yes 186 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/first-aid-vs-bls-healthcare-professionals https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/746.mp4 First Aid vs BLS Healthcare Professionals Differences Between First Aid and Professional Care in CPR Ensuring Safety and Proper Technique Key Principles for Both First Aid and Professional Care Self-Protection: Always prioritize personal safety and wear gloves. Common Skills: Techniques like the recovery position and dealing with choking remain consistent. CPR Guidelines Divergence in CPR Approaches First Aid: Simplicity and Accessibility The guidelines aim for simplicity and ease of recall, with uniform standards for child, adult, and infant CPR. First aiders have limited training and a lower level of responsibility. Access to advanced equipment is generally not available in a first aid setting. Professional Healthcare: Adapting to Complexity Healthcare professionals follow different guidelines due to their advanced training, resources, and higher duty of care. Flexibility in care ratios is permitted based on specific situations. Collaboration with first aiders requires clear communication and guidance. Paediatric CPR Emphasizing Simplification and Bystander Resuscitation Simplified guidelines aim to encourage bystander resuscitation for children, who often receive no help due to rescuer concerns. Distinct differences exist between adult and paediatric cardiac arrest, mainly related to respiratory issues in children. Healthcare professionals adapt their training to optimize outcomes for paediatric cases. Assessment and Decision-Making Quick and Effective Evaluation Decision to initiate CPR should take no more than 10 seconds, relying on the initial assessment. Healthcare professionals prioritize signs of life (response to stimuli, normal breathing, spontaneous movement) over pulse checks. In a hospital setting, adherence to institutional guidelines and protocols is essential. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/1351/First_Aid_vs_BLS_Healthcare_Professionals-01.jpg Yes 261 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/electric-suction-units-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4057.mp4 Electric suction units Electric Battery-Powered Suction Unit for Airway Management Introduction In this section, we will explore the electric battery-powered suction unit, its features, usage, and essential considerations for ensuring it works effectively during emergency situations. Key Features of the Suction Unit The electric battery-powered suction unit is a vital tool for airway management. Here are some key features to keep in mind: Portability: The unit is not permanently fixed to the ambulance and can be easily detached for use in various locations. Battery Monitoring: Regularly check the battery levels to avoid unexpected power depletion when needed. Canister: The unit contains a canister for collecting fluids, blood, or liquids suctioned from the patient. It includes a disposable sleeve for clinical safety. Suction Pipe: Ensure the suction pipe is securely in place to maximize suction efficiency. Suction Area: The top of the canister houses the suction area, which connects to the catheter for effective suction. Carrying Handle: Facilitates easy transport of the unit off the vehicle. Release Button: Located behind the carrying handle, it releases the unit from the wall for removal. Using the Suction Unit Proper operation of the suction unit is crucial. Follow these steps: Battery Check: Regularly inspect and test the battery levels to ensure it functions correctly. Vacuum Adjustment: The unit allows you to adjust the vacuum level according to the situation. Use lower suction for children or delicate areas and higher suction for severe airway occlusions. Power Controls: The unit features an on-off button for operation. Make sure it's functioning correctly. Cleaning and Maintenance After each use, follow these steps to maintain the suction unit: Clean and Sterilize: Thoroughly clean and sterilize the unit, including pipes and buttons. Restocking: Ensure the unit is restocked and ready for future use, including battery charging. Remember that cleanliness and readiness are paramount in emergency situations. Application Beyond Ambulances Suction units are not exclusive to ambulances; various healthcare settings use them. While the units may differ, the procedures for maintenance and readiness remain the same. Hospitals, nursing homes, dental offices, and care facilities all adhere to these essential practices. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7259/Electric_suction_units-01.jpg Yes 270 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/non-rebreather-mask-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4054.mp4 Non Rebreather mask Non-Rebreather Mask Overview High-Volume Oxygen Delivery Preventing Deterioration in Patients Introduction to the Non-Rebreather Mask Also Known as the Trauma Mask The non-rebreather mask, often referred to as the trauma mask, is employed to administer a high volume of oxygen to a patient before resorting to bag and mask ventilation. It becomes necessary when a patient's breathing is inadequate or has ceased, and external ventilation or respiratory support is required to sustain life or prevent further deterioration. Components of the Non-Rebreather Mask Ensuring Effective Oxygen Delivery Oxygen Inlet: Connects to an oxygen source, whether it's a vehicle supply, cylinder, or hospital system. Oxygen Bag: Captures oxygen from the source and delivers it directly to the patient's face, ensuring they inhale pure oxygen with each breath. Valve: Located within the mask, regulates the flow and maintains an oxygen-rich environment within the bag. Nose Clip: A gentle, adjustable aluminum clip secures the mask over the patient's nose to prevent oxygen leakage. Elastic Strap: Goes around the head or attaches to a neck brace, keeping the mask securely in place. Adjustment is possible with side straps for comfort and fit. Monitoring Breathing Rate Observing Patient's Respiratory Status Two methods for assessing the patient's breathing rate: Snorkel Ball: A clever snorkel within the mask contains a red ball. The ball moves up and down with each breath, allowing you to count breaths accurately. Mask Steaming: As the patient exhales, the mask steams up, and it clears when they inhale. Count the cycle of steaming and clearing to determine the breathing rate. Both methods are less intrusive and provide accurate readings, avoiding the patient's natural response to slow or halt breathing when directly observed. Disposable Usage Safe Handling and Disposal Non-rebreather masks are single-use devices. After a patient has utilized the mask, it should be considered clinical waste and disposed of appropriately. Mask Fitting Procedure Ensuring Proper Application Steps for fitting the mask: Turn on the oxygen source to initiate bag filling. Position the elastic strap over the patient's head, explaining the procedure to them. Apply the mask, gently securing it over the nose for a proper seal. Adjust the side straps for comfort and an effective seal. Observe the bag filling with oxygen, confirming successful oxygen delivery. Monitor the snorkel ball or mask steaming to assess the patient's breathing rate. Continuously monitor oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry, which is detailed in a separate video. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7245/Non_Rebreather_mask-01.jpg Yes 276 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/how-long-does-an-oxygen-cylinder-last https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2638.mp4 How long does an Oxygen cylinder last? Calculating Oxygen Cylinder Duration Planning Oxygen Usage Determining How Long Your Oxygen Cylinder Will Last Using the Cylinder Duration Formula Estimating Oxygen Supply Time Step 1: Cylinder Pressure Locate the cylinder pressure (psi). Subtract a residual pressure of 200 psi to account for errors. Step 2: Cylinder Constant Refer to the cylinder constant values: "D" cylinder: Constant = 0.16 "E" size: Constant = 0.28 "M" size: Constant = 1.56 "G" size: Constant = 2.41 "H" and "K" size: Constant = 3.14 Choose the constant based on your cylinder size. Step 3: Flow Rate Determine the flow rate in litres per minute. Typically, regulators provide a maximum of 15 litres per minute. Specialist applications may have higher flow rates (e.g., scuba diving, 25 litres per minute). Adjust the flow rate as needed (e.g., 6 litres per minute for a nasal cannula). Step 4: Calculate Duration Use the formula: (Tank pressure - Residual pressure) x Cylinder constant / Flow rate Calculate the time in minutes that the cylinder will last. Example Calculation Estimating Duration for a "D" Cylinder at 15 Litres Per Minute Step 1: (2000 psi - 200 psi) = 1800 psi Step 2: Cylinder Constant for "D" size = 0.16 Step 3: Flow rate = 15 litres per minute Step 4: (1800 psi x 0.16) / 15 litres per minute = 19.2 minutes Estimated Duration: Approximately 19 minutes (rounded down) Use this formula to calculate the duration of your oxygen cylinder based on your specific parameters. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5251/How_long_does_an_Oxygen_cylinder_last-01.jpg Yes 167 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/applying-an-ecg https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3630.mp4 Applying an ECG Placing Electrodes for ECG - Patient Assessment Introduction In this section, we will discuss the proper placement of electrodes on the patient's body for an ECG (Electrocardiogram) procedure. Accurate electrode placement is crucial for obtaining high-quality diagnostic results. Equipment Preparation Before beginning the electrode placement, gather the necessary equipment. This includes a razor for removing chest hair if needed and tissue to aid electrode adhesion, particularly on greasy or perspiring skin. Important: Patient comfort and relaxation play a significant role in minimizing ECG artifacts. Placing Limb Leads Start by connecting the limb leads to the patient's limbs, following specific color codes for each limb. Proper positioning of these leads is essential to prevent discomfort or skin irritation. Tip: Connect the leads to the electrodes before attaching them to the patient's skin. Patient Consent Always obtain the patient's consent before proceeding with the ECG procedure. Explain the process to the patient to ensure their understanding and cooperation. Identifying Chest Lead Landmarks Prior to placing chest leads, identify the necessary landmarks on the patient's chest. These landmarks guide the correct positioning of the chest electrodes. Landmarks: Sternal Notch Angle of Louis Intercostal Spaces (2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th) Mid-Clavicular Lines Mid-Axillary Line Chest Lead Placement Place the chest leads V1 and V2 in the 4th intercostal space at the sternal border. V3 goes midway between V2 and V4 on a diagonal line. Reach around underneath the patient's arm to position V6 at the mid-axillary line on the same horizontal plane as V4. Place V5 exactly midway between V4 and V6. Patient Comfort Keep the patient relaxed and comfortable throughout the electrode placement process. A relaxed patient increases the chances of obtaining a diagnostic-quality 12-lead ECG. ECG Recording Record the patient's ECG rhythm once all leads are correctly placed. Monitor for any changes and ensure that the quality of the recording is sufficient for diagnosis. Conclusion and Patient Assessment After obtaining the ECG recording, assess the results for any abnormalities or changes. If necessary, consult with a cardiology team and consider transferring the patient to a hospital for further evaluation. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6477/Applying_an_ECG-01.jpg Yes 471 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/nasal-cannula-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4055.mp4 Nasal Cannula Nasal Cannula Overview Introduction to Nasal Cannula Delivering Low-Dosage Oxygen Over Extended Periods In this brief video, we'll explore the nasal cannula, a device commonly used for administering controlled, low-dosage oxygen over extended durations. Nasal cannulas are frequently employed to support individuals with respiratory issues, chest infections, and chronic lung conditions, either in the home environment or within hospital wards. The goal is to provide a gentle and continuous supply of oxygen without risking over-oxygenation and related complications like hypoxic drive. Components of a Nasal Cannula Understanding the Key Elements Oxygen Inlet: Connects to the primary oxygen source, either in a hospital ward or an ambulance. Nasal Cannula Tubes: Twin tubes extend from the oxygen inlet, designed for inserting into each nostril. Retaining Strap: A cord attached to the nasal cannula tubes, positioned at the back of the head to secure the cannulas in place. Proper Nasal Cannula Placement Ensuring Comfort and Efficacy Steps for correctly placing the nasal cannula: Insert the cannulas into each nostril. Position the tubing over the back of the head, running behind the ears. Adjust the retaining strap at the back to maintain the cannulas securely in position. Once in place, the nasal cannula delivers a gentle flow of oxygen directly into the nasal passages. With each breath, the patient inhales a slightly elevated oxygen concentration, which gradually improves oxygen saturation in the bloodstream. Although not the most comfortable accessory to wear, when correctly fitted and managed, nasal cannulas should not cause any significant discomfort. These devices typically administer oxygen at a rate of 2-4 litres per minute, resulting in oxygen concentrations of approximately 28% to 36%. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7247/Nasal_Cannula-01.jpg Yes 133 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/choking-overview-ils https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4139.mp4 Choking overview Recognizing Signs and Symptoms of Choking Introduction: Understanding Choking Across Age Groups Identifying Choking Incidents from Infants to Adults Choking incidents can vary across different age groups, from infants to adults. Let's explore the signs and symptoms associated with choking and how they manifest in various situations. Categories of Choking Incidents Understanding the Nature of Choking Care Sector Choking: Occurs in patients with difficulty swallowing due to medical conditions like strokes, paralysis, or spinal injuries. Baby Choking: Typically results from mucus, milk, or flu symptoms or, in some cases, due to foreign objects inserted by older siblings. Child Choking: Common in children aged one year and older, often due to inappropriate food consumption or playful behavior at the table. Unique Characteristics: Consider the size of the tongue, airway proportions, and posture in infants and children as contributing factors to choking incidents. Adult Choking: Although adults may panic, they often possess more control and may attempt self-relief. However, assistance may still be necessary. Recognizing Signs and Symptoms Key Indicators of a Choking Incident Understanding the signs and symptoms of choking is crucial. They may include: Common Triggers Identifying Situational Clues Mealtime: Choking often occurs during meals, particularly when people are not paying full attention. Signs and Symptoms Recognizing Choking Indications Difficulty Breathing: Choking obstructs the airway, leading to breathing difficulties. Redness or Cyanosis: Choking individuals may turn red or develop cyanosis (blue discoloration). Excessive Salivation: Choking often leads to drooling and excessive salivation. Panic and Distress: Choking individuals may panic, struggle, stagger, and appear distressed. Grabbing the Throat: A common instinct is to reach for the throat due to discomfort. Loss of Consciousness: Severe choking can lead to loss of consciousness. Severity Levels Distinguishing Mild and Severe Choking Choking incidents can be categorized as mild or severe based on the degree of airway obstruction: Mild Choking: Airway is partially open, allowing some airflow. Severe Choking: Total airway occlusion, hindering breathing entirely. Swift Action is Crucial Life-Saving Interventions for Choking Immediate response is vital in choking incidents, as they can be life-threatening. Techniques such as abdominal thrusts, back slaps, and encouraging coughing can be employed to quickly clear the airway and save lives. Acting promptly and effectively can prevent fatal outcomes in choking incidents. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7407/Choking_overview-01.jpg Yes 261 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/when-to-call-for-assistance https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1946.mp4 When to call for assistance Calling for Help and Starting CPR: What to Do First As soon as you realise a casualty is unresponsive, call the emergency services immediately and ask for an ambulance. Use your mobile phone on speakerphone so you can begin CPR while speaking to the call handler. If someone is with you, ask them to make the call while you start CPR straight away. Why Calling Emergency Services Early Matters When someone collapses or appears unconscious, help must be requested as quickly as possible. The emergency medical services (EMS) dispatcher can rapidly assess the situation and determine the most appropriate response. Waiting to decide what to do wastes valuable time. The sooner EMS are activated, the greater the chance of survival. CPR alone is not enough if professional help is not on the way. An AED and advanced care are essential. For every minute an AED is delayed, the chance of survival falls by around 10%. Early CPR combined with rapid EMS activation significantly improves outcomes. What to Do If More Than One Rescuer Is Present If there is more than one rescuer available: One rescuer should start CPR immediately The other should call emergency services and look for an AED This teamwork minimises delays and maximises the chance of successful resuscitation. What to Do If You Are Alone If you are alone with the casualty: Call emergency services on speakerphone Do not leave the casualty to look for an AED Start CPR immediately The EMS will bring an AED. By starting CPR early, you increase the likelihood that defibrillation will be successful when it arrives. Leaving the casualty to search for an AED reduces blood flow to the brain and lowers their chance of survival. Minimising Interruptions to CPR Keeping chest compressions going is critical. If the casualty is an infant or small child, it may be possible to carry them with you while summoning help, reducing interruptions to CPR. Once you have called EMS, the dispatcher can: Guide you through full CPR, or Support you with chest-compression-only CPR Using speakerphone allows you to receive clear, step-by-step instructions while continuing life-saving care. Key Points to Remember Call emergency services as soon as the casualty is unresponsive Use speakerphone so you can start CPR immediately Do not delay CPR to look for an AED if you are alone Early CPR and early EMS activation save lives Act fast, keep compressions going, and get help on the way. These actions give the casualty the best possible chance of survival. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3505/When_to_call_for_Assistance.jpg Yes 112 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/avpu https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2678.mp4 AVPU AVPU Assessment: Understanding Patient Alertness Introduction to AVPU The AVPU system is a critical method for evaluating a patient's mental capacity and level of disability. It serves as a fundamental tool in early assessment, aiding healthcare professionals in determining a patient's condition upon arrival and monitoring treatment progress. Baseline for Evaluation The core purpose of the AVPU scoring system is to establish a baseline set of observations, enabling healthcare providers to assess treatment efficacy. It answers crucial questions: Is the patient improving or deteriorating? Are interventions having a positive impact? Without this baseline, the entire assessment process lacks meaning. Understanding the AVPU Scale A - Alert The "A" in AVPU stands for Alert. When approaching a patient, assess their alertness. Are they responsive, coherent, and answering questions clearly? An alert patient demonstrates proper brain function, promptly responding to inquiries. V - Voice If a patient falls below the alert level, they transition to "V" for Voice. Voice indicates reduced alertness; the patient may be drowsy or less responsive. They react to spoken communication but not as effectively as when fully alert. P - Pain When verbal interaction isn't enough, healthcare providers progress to "P" for Pain. A pain stimulus, like a firm squeeze at the nail bed or earlobe, is applied to sensitive areas. Most individuals will respond to this by reacting to the pain, though not necessarily through speech. It signifies a deeper level of unresponsiveness. U - Unresponsive If there is no reaction to the pain stimulus, the patient is considered "U" for Unresponsive. Unresponsiveness indicates a significantly compromised state, requiring vigilant monitoring. Unresponsive patients are at risk of airway obstruction and require immediate attention and care. Leaving an unresponsive patient unattended, especially on their back, can lead to life-threatening situations. They may inadvertently block their airway with their tongue or risk airway obstruction due to regurgitated stomach contents. Close monitoring is essential to prevent such complications. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/4783/AVPU-01.jpg Yes 363 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/oropharyngeal-airways-op-airways https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3628.mp4 Oropharyngeal airways (OP Airways) Introduction to Oropharyngeal Airways Understanding the correct use of an oropharyngeal (OP) airway can be pivotal when dealing with unconscious patients whose airways cannot be manually maintained. When to Use an OP Airway The OP airway becomes essential when manual methods to maintain a patient's airway prove to be ineffective or not feasible. Choosing the Correct Size The available sizes span from double zero to five. The correct size is determined by positioning the airway's end against the angle of the patient's jaw. Ideally, its flange should align with the incisors horizontally, indicating the appropriate size for the patient. Insertion Procedure Tilt the patient's head back to prepare for insertion. Invert the airway, ensuring it points towards the patient's hard palate. While inserting, once resistance is felt, revert and lodge the airway so that it aligns against the oropharynx and positions in the vallecula. This ensures the tongue doesn't obstruct the oropharynx, establishing a clear airway. Confirming Proper Function Post insertion, it's imperative to verify the airway's functionality. If the patient breathes, observe the chest's movement and listen for the sound of air passage to ensure its efficacy. Conclusion The oropharyngeal airway offers a crucial solution for unconscious patients. Correct size selection, proper insertion, and functional checks are vital to its effective application. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6453/Oropharyngeal_Airways-01.jpg Yes 118 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/real-time-cpr-scenario https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3633.mp4 Real time CPR Scenario Optimizing CPR Efficiency: Two-Person Team Introduction: Real-Time Single Rescuer CPR Scenario A Step-by-Step Demonstration In this real-time CPR scenario, we demonstrate the key steps of single-rescuer CPR. Assessment and Initial Response Quickly Identifying the Situation Recognizing Collapse: Observe the patient's condition. Checking for Response: Assess the patient's level of responsiveness. Assessing Airway and Pulse: Perform head tilt, chin lift, and check for pulse and breathing. Commencing CPR: Initiate chest compressions at an appropriate rate. Providing Ventilations: Utilize a pocket mask to deliver two inflations. The Importance of Efficiency Challenges of Single-Rescuer CPR Single-rescuer CPR can become challenging due to fatigue and decreased effectiveness. It's time to explore how a two-person team can enhance CPR efficiency. Enhancing CPR Efficiency: Two-Person Team Effective Roles and Coordination When responding to a cardiac arrest scenario, a two-person team can significantly improve CPR outcomes. Let's examine the roles and coordination in a team of clinical responders: Roles in the Two-Person Team Clear Roles for Effective Response Clinical Lead: The leader responsible for decision-making. Supporting Rescuer: The follower who executes instructions from the clinical lead. Coordinated Response Efficient CPR Execution With clear roles defined, let's observe how a two-person team efficiently manages a cardiac arrest scenario: Recognizing the Situation: Identifying the cardiac arrest. Positioning: Taking positions at the airway and chest for effective management. Assessment and Response: Checking responsiveness, airway, and respiration. Initiating CPR: Beginning chest compressions with ventilation support. Switching Roles: Preparing to change roles at the end of each cycle. Efficiency in Action Improving CPR Effectiveness By adopting a two-person team approach, CPR efficiency increases, and responders can maintain higher quality chest compressions. This coordinated effort can be the key to improving patient outcomes during cardiac emergencies. Thank you for watching this demonstration of optimized CPR techniques. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6473/Real_time_CPR_Scenario-01.jpg Yes 261 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/manual-suction-units-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4058.mp4 Manual suction units Manual Suction Units for Airway Management Types of Manual Suction Units In this section, we will explore different types of manual suction units used for airway management. Each type has its advantages and considerations. Cleanable and Reusable Manual Suction Units While still effective, these reusable units require meticulous cleaning and sterilization. They are becoming less popular due to contamination risks and the need for proper maintenance. Important: Clean and sterilize these units thoroughly to prevent crew exposure to contaminants. One-Use, Disposable Suction Units These disposable units are cost-effective, straightforward, and convenient. They are used once and discarded, reducing contamination risks. There are two common types: Basic Disposable: Simple, low-cost, and effective for short-term use. Military-Grade Disposable: Sturdy and reliable, ideal for extended use without the risk of breakage. Tip: Even after the bag is full, the military-grade unit can be emptied and reused, but it will continuously drain. Using Manual Suction Units Proper usage of manual suction units is essential for airway management. Here's how to use them: Open the Airway: Tilt the head and lift the chin to open the patient's airway. Insert the Catheter: Insert the catheter only as far as you can see, in a sweeping motion for a short duration (ideally, no more than 10 seconds). Dispose of Disposable Units: Disposable units should be used for one patient only and then disposed of correctly. Note: Catheter size can be adjusted based on the specific task, and the military-grade unit can be emptied and reused. Considerations for Manual Suction Units Manual suction units play a vital role in airway management, but they require careful handling and maintenance. Remember these key points: Contamination Risks: Reusable units must be cleaned and sterilized to avoid contamination. Disposable Units: One-use disposable units reduce contamination risks and are cost-effective. Proper Disposal: Ensure correct disposal procedures, especially for disposable units. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7241/Manual_suction_units-01.jpg Yes 260 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/pin-index-cylinder https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1293.mp4 PIN INDEX cylinder Pin Index Oxygen Cylinders Introduction to Pin Index Cylinders Understanding a Different Type of Oxygen Cylinder Unique Use Cases: Specialized Applications Construction: Steel Cylinders Markings: Key Information on the Cylinder Testing Requirements: Ensuring Safety Unique Use Cases Exploring Specialized Applications Construction Steel Cylinders for Durability Markings Understanding the Cylinder's Markings Testing Requirements Ensuring the Cylinder's Safety through Testing Pin Index oxygen cylinders serve specific purposes and come with distinct features. Let's delve into their details. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2321/PIN_INDEX_cylinder-01.jpg Yes 137 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/venturi-mask-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4053.mp4 Venturi Mask Venturi Mask Usage Understanding the Venturi Mask A Precision Oxygen Delivery System Mask Application Securing the Mask for Optimal Fit The Venturi Mask is worn in the same manner as other masks, with a head strap and adjustable fasteners to ensure a snug fit. Air Inlet Holes: Allow normal air to enter the mask during breathing. Oxygen Port: The point of oxygen administration. Multiple Venturis: Six options to control oxygen flow rates. Configuring the Venturi Mask Customizing Oxygen Concentration Each Venturi on the mask corresponds to a specific flow rate, regulating the concentration of oxygen delivered to the patient. The Venturis attach to the mask and connect to the oxygen tubing. Precision Oxygen Delivery: Matches prescribed flow rates for conditions like asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and COPD. Flow Rate Range: From four to 35, aligning with NHS guidelines and training. Further details on oxygen flow rates are covered in a separate video. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7235/Venturi_Mask-01.jpg Yes 109 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/suction-overview-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4059.mp4 Suction Overview Airway Management and Suction Techniques The Vital Skill of Airway Management In this brief video presentation, we'll explore one of the most crucial skills in the realm of first aid, paramedicine, and medicine itself - airway management. Specifically, we'll delve into the topic of suction, covering its importance, benefits, proper techniques, and the array of equipment available for this critical task. Diverse Methods of Suction and Airway Clearance Suction and airway clearance encompass a range of approaches, from fundamental practices like the recovery position and postural drainage to single-use suction devices and advanced electronic suction units used by ambulance crews. Maintaining a clear and patent airway is of paramount importance in any situation. When a patient loses consciousness, the airway is often the first component to become obstructed, whether it's due to the tongue falling back, muscular blockages, or the ingress of substances like blood, vomit, or foreign objects. Ensuring prompt and effective airway clearance is the foundation of successful airway management. Using Suction Safely and Effectively While we've stressed the critical nature of suction and airway management, it's equally vital to employ the equipment correctly. Suction not only extracts fluids but can inadvertently draw air from the lungs, a situation to be avoided. Key considerations include: 1. Proper Airway Maintenance: Ensuring the airway remains open and unobstructed. 2. Cautious Suction Technique: Avoid over-insertion of the suction catheter and start with the simplest and quickest techniques. 3. Follow Guidelines: Whether you're a basic first aider using the recovery position or a healthcare professional with advanced suction equipment, adhere to established procedures and regulations designed to protect the patient and airway. Balancing Airway Clearance and Ventilation While clearing the airway is paramount, we must not forget the need for adequate ventilation. Suctioning should ideally take no longer than the time you can hold your own breath. After suctioning, it's imperative to re-ventilate the patient's lungs promptly. This ensures the lungs receive oxygen, vital for brain oxygenation. Remember, a clear airway is essential, but the patient must also breathe. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7243/Suction_Overview-01.jpg Yes 164 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/i-gel-airways-advanced https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3625.mp4 I-gel Airways Guide to Using the I-gel for Airway Adjuncts The I-gel is an advanced medical device used in situations where traditional airway maintenance techniques fail. This guide provides insights into its application and usage. When to Consider the I-gel The I-gel comes into play when standard airway adjuncts aren't effective, especially in cases that involve: Potential vomiting threats: This includes situations that pose a risk of choking. High-risk airways: Such as in pregnancies or poisoning scenarios, e.g. overdoses. Although the primary attempt should be made with an OPR nasopharyngeal airway, sometimes, a supraglottic airway is required when the former proves inadequate. Choosing the Right I-gel Size I-gels are weight-adjusted. For instance, a size four I-gel caters to individuals weighing between 50 to 90 kilograms. Ensure the size matches the patient's weight range for optimal efficacy. Preparation and Insertion Material Attributes: The I-gel's thermal plastic design makes it soft, enabling it to adapt to a patient's oropharynx shape once it reaches body temperature. Its inherent stickiness requires lubrication before use. Lubrication: Prior to insertion, lubricate the I-gel's back, avoiding the front. This ensures it fits over the larynx's opening seamlessly. Insertion Technique: Tilt the patient's head back, remove any previous inadequate airway device, and hold the I-gel like a pen. Direct the tip towards the mouth's hard plate, using your index finger to guide it backward and upward. The device should feel like it's slotting into place. Confirming and Securing the I-gel Once inserted, it's crucial to ensure the I-gel functions correctly: Confirmation: Attach a catheter mount, use a bag valve mask, and observe the chest's rising and falling movements. Further, use a stethoscope to verify the correct placement. Securing: Upon confirming its position and functionality, it's vital to secure the I-gel. Utilising tools like care bands can effectively keep the device in place. Conclusion The I-gel is an indispensable tool in advanced airway management. By following these guidelines, medical professionals can ensure the safety and wellbeing of their patients. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6459/IGEL-01.jpg Yes 223 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/hypoxia https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1318.mp4 Hypoxia Hypoxia: Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and First Aid Types of Hypoxia Generalized and Local Hypoxia: Different Forms of Oxygen Deprivation Generalized Hypoxia: Affecting the Entire Body Altitude-Induced Hypoxia: Oxygen Deprivation at High Elevations Hypoxia during Diving: Risks in Underwater Environments Contaminated Air Supply: Hazards and Consequences Medical Conditions: Hypoxia in Heart Attacks, Poisoning, and More Intentional Hypoxia: Altitude Training for Athletic Performance Exploring the various forms and causes of hypoxia, from high-altitude sickness to medical conditions. Symptoms of Hypoxia Recognizing Signs of Oxygen Deprivation Altitude Sickness Symptoms: Gradual Onset and Effects Severe Hypoxia Symptoms: Rapid Onset and Life-Threatening Indicators Local Hypoxia: Tissue-Specific Effects and Skin Discoloration Gangrene Risk: Severe Local Hypoxia Consequences Identifying the symptoms of hypoxia, ranging from mild altitude sickness to severe, life-threatening indicators. First Aid for Hypoxia Emergency Response and Oxygen Therapy Medical Oxygen: Treatment Option for Hypoxia Pulse Oximeter: Monitoring Oxygen Levels Recognizing Signs and Symptoms: Assessing the Patient's Condition Providing first aid for hypoxia, including the use of medical oxygen and patient assessment. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2371/Hypoxia-01.jpg Yes 181 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/bradycardia-advanced https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3638.mp4 Bradycardia Understanding Bradycardia: Causes, Diagnosis, and Management Exploring Bradycardia Bradycardia is an abnormal heart rhythm characterized by a slow heartbeat, typically fewer than 60 beats per minute, and occasionally as slow as 40 beats per minute. While some individuals, particularly athletes, may naturally have a lower resting heart rate, bradycardia becomes a concern when patients exhibit signs of cardiogenic shock. This condition demands vigilant monitoring and appropriate intervention. Determining the Cause As with tachycardias, it is essential to determine whether the cause of bradycardia is extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic factors may include poisoning, hypothermia, or certain medications, while intrinsic factors could involve blockages at the atrioventricular node. The definitive diagnosis can only be established through an ECG analysis of the rhythm. Managing Bradycardia Management strategies for bradycardia depend on the underlying cause: Extrinsic Causes: In cases where bradycardia results from extrinsic factors, such as excessive vagal tone, Atropine administration at 500 micrograms may be effective. Repeat doses of up to three milligrams may be administered at three to five-minute intervals, based on the patient's response. Intrinsic Causes: Bradycardia arising from intrinsic factors may require more advanced intervention. In cases like third-degree heart block, transthoracic pacing using a defibrillator in pacing mode becomes necessary. The rate is typically set to 60 beats per minute with milliamps at 70. Milliamp voltage is adjusted until QRS capture is achieved. An increase of up to five milliamps is made to maintain capture while gradually increasing the rate to improve the patient's condition. Sedation with Midazolam may be considered to alleviate discomfort. Fist Pacing as a Temporary Measure In cases of cardiogenic shock and unavailability of a defibrillator, fist pacing can serve as a temporary measure. This technique involves delivering rhythmic thumps to the sternum until appropriate pacing can be established. It's important to note that in patients with heart transplants, where the vagus nerve is disconnected, Atropine is not indicated for bradycardia management. By understanding the causes and tailored management approaches for bradycardia, healthcare providers can ensure effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6489/Bradycardia-01.jpg Yes 270 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/standard-oxygen-cylinder https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1295.mp4 Standard oxygen cylinder Medical Oxygen Cylinder Components The Cylinder Itself Key Information About the Cylinder Water Capacity: Measuring Cylinder Size Identification Numbers: Serial Numbers and More Life Cycle: 10-Year Re-Testing Cylinder Appearance: Pure White Design Labels: Information and Tracking Regulators: Integral Regulators Water Capacity Measuring the Size of the Cylinder Identification Numbers Understanding Serial Numbers and More Life Cycle 10-Year Re-Testing and Renewal Cylinder Appearance The Distinctive Pure White Design Labels Information and Tracking on the Cylinder Regulators The Role of Integral Regulators Medical oxygen cylinders consist of various components, each with its own specific role and information. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2329/Standard_oxygen_cylinder-01.jpg Yes 171 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/aed-overview-ils https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4172.mp4 AED Overview Unlocking the Potential of AEDs Increasing Prevalence of AEDs AEDs are on the rise, with a notable presence on High Streets. Discover them in their distinctive yellow boxes outside many shops. However, they are not limited to commercial areas but also play a crucial role in the emergency services and private ambulance sectors. The Life-Saving Defibrillator At their core, AEDs are defibrillators, designed to reset the heart's rhythm, making it sustainable for life. These units are remarkably user-friendly, ensuring straightforward operation. Remarkable Safety Record Noteworthy statistics: No individual worldwide has ever faced legal repercussions for incorrect AED use. These devices are programmed to guide users through correct procedures, eliminating the risk of misuse. Anatomy of an AED Understanding the key components: Self-Monitoring: AEDs conduct daily self-tests to ensure operational readiness, signaling issues through alarms or alerts. Visual Indicators: Units feature clear lights, often green for readiness and red for service needs. A green light means it's "rescue ready" and requires no further action. Expiry Check: A clear window displays a date corresponding to the pads' expiration date. Pads typically last up to two years. Pads: Pads contain a water-based gel and come sealed. Once opened, the unit is alerted, and they are for single use only. Universal Usage AEDs are designed for everyone: No Mandatory Training: In the UK and Europe, no formal training is legally required to operate an AED. Units adhere to European guidelines, ensuring consistency across the board. Diverse Manufacturers: Multiple manufacturers offer AEDs, each with distinct features. However, all AEDs follow the same European guidelines. Activating the AED When ready to use the AED: Initialization: Open the lid to initiate the unit's full self-test, which typically takes a few seconds. Pad Placement: Pads are conveniently stored in the lid, sealed and ready to use. Voice-Guided Assistance: The AED provides step-by-step audio instructions, including when to start CPR, compression speed, breaths, and duration. Accelerated Shock Delivery: AEDs recognize swift pad placement and expedite shock delivery, improving survival chances. Survival rates drop by 10-20% per minute of delay in shock delivery. Child-Specific Considerations For child patients: AED Adaptation: AEDs automatically adjust for adults and children, setting appropriate joule levels. Child pad placement follows specific rules. Pad Placement and Instructions Understanding pad placement: Visual Guidance: Follow the AED's instructions, either through pictures or verbal commands. Electrical Conductivity: Pads maintain electrical conductivity, allowing the AED to monitor heart rate and rhythm. Defibrillation Decision: The AED autonomously decides whether a shock is necessary, relieving users of this responsibility. Fully Automatic vs. Semi-Automatic Different AED types: Fully Automatic: The AED autonomously decides to shock and initiates a countdown for shock delivery. Semi-Automatic: Users must press a button when prompted for shock delivery, only active when the button is lit. Constant Monitoring AEDs monitor user actions, including compression rate and depth. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7487/AED_Overview-01.jpg Yes 645 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/removing-an-ecg https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3636.mp4 Removing an ECG ECG Electrode Removal and Patient Care Removing Electrodes Once we are satisfied with obtaining a diagnostic-quality ECG, it's time to carefully remove the electrodes from the patient's skin. Note that this process may cause slight discomfort, similar to removing a plaster. It is advisable to inform the patient about this beforehand. To minimize any discomfort, swift removal is key. Chest Leads First Begin by removing the chest leads first. Maintain continuous monitoring of the patient's ECG rhythm during the removal process, especially if you are en route to the hospital. Always handle the patient with care and ensure their comfort throughout. Disposing of Electrodes Dispose of the used electrodes in a clinical waste bin. These electrodes are designed for single-use only and pose an infection risk if reused. Proper disposal is essential for infection control. Continued Monitoring or Removal Whether to remove the limb leads will depend on the patient's condition. For continuous monitoring, limb leads may be left in place during transport. However, upon reaching the destination, it may be appropriate to transfer the patient, still connected to the monitor, to a department or ward. In cases of stable patients without anticipated complications, limb leads can be removed at this stage. Patient Comfort and Follow-Up Patients should be informed that they might develop a mild rash or irritation beneath the electrode sites. Reassure them that this is temporary and will fade over time. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6481/Removing_an_ECG-01.jpg Yes 91 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/using-an-aed-advanced https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3635.mp4 Using an AED Using Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) in Cardiac Arrest The Critical Role of AEDs Enhancing Cardiac Arrest Survival Timely AED Placement: A Matter of Life and Death Survival Odds: The Impact of Each Passing Minute Pad Placement: Maximizing the Shock's Effectiveness Continuous CPR: Simultaneous AED Setup and Chest Compressions AEDs play a crucial role in improving cardiac arrest outcomes. Understanding their correct use and placement is vital. Applying the AED During CPR Efficient AED Application While CPR is Ongoing Coordinated Effort: Combining AED Setup with CPR AED Package: Instructions and Components Proper Pad Placement: Ensuring Optimal Positioning Real-time CPR: Uninterrupted Chest Compressions Utilizing the AED effectively involves a seamless integration with CPR, starting with correct pad placement. AED Operation and CPR Cycle Guided Steps for Cardiac Arrest Response Defibrillator Setup: Initiating AED and Pad Placement Analysis and Shock: AED Determines the Need Verbal Visible Check: Ensuring Patient Safety Shock Delivery: Responding to AED's Instructions Continuous CPR: Critical Lifesaving Compressions AEDs operate in cycles, analyzing heart rhythms, advising shocks, and guiding responders through CPR until professional help arrives. AED Reliability and Ease of Use Empowering Rescuers to Take Action High Shocks Capacity: Up to 200 Shocks Without Recharge Accessibility and Safety: User-Friendly and Effective AEDs are reliable, user-friendly devices with the capacity to deliver numerous shocks, making them a valuable tool in cardiac arrest response. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6469/Using_an_AED-01.jpg Yes 192 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/bls-scenario https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3578.mp4 BLS Scenario Managing Cardiac Arrest During Non-Emergency Patient Transport Scenario: Responding to a Sudden Cardiac Arrest Quick and Effective Actions in a Critical Situation While transporting a patient to the hospital under non-emergency conditions, a sudden and unexpected situation arises. The patient becomes unresponsive, and immediate action is crucial. Here's how to manage the scenario: Calling for Assistance Reacting to the Unresponsive Patient As the situation unfolds, the following steps are taken: Requesting Help: Instruct a colleague to join you in the back of the vehicle. Assessing the Patient: Check for responsiveness, breathing, and pulse. Initiating CPR: Start chest compressions and prepare to use an AED (Automated External Defibrillator). Using the AED Guidelines for AED Deployment Follow these crucial steps when using an AED: Activate Emergency Services: Call for professional assistance immediately. Prepare the Patient: Ensure the patient's chest is exposed. Prepare the AED: Remove the AED from its package without touching the patient. Assess Heart Rhythm: Wait for the AED to analyze the heart rhythm. Administer a Shock: If advised by the AED, deliver a shock by pressing the designated button. Initiate CPR: Follow AED instructions, giving 30 chest compressions and two breaths. Monitor Breathing: Continue assessing the patient's breathing and responsiveness. Evaluation and Recovery Monitoring the Patient's Condition After successful intervention, assess the patient's condition: Airway: Ensure the patient's airway is clear and watch for any abnormal noises. Circulation: Check for central and peripheral pulses and evaluate capillary refill time. ECG Monitoring: Use ECG to monitor heart rhythm and rate. Respiratory Rate: Monitor the patient's breathing rate. Communication: Continue engaging with the patient to assess responsiveness. Oxygen Saturation: Monitor oxygen saturation levels and adjust oxygen delivery as needed. Conclusion: Prompt Action Saves Lives Successful Reversal of Cardiac Arrest By acting swiftly and decisively during a cardiac arrest, there is a high probability of reversing ventricular fibrillation and achieving a positive outcome for the patient. This scenario underscores the importance of preparedness and quick response in emergency situations. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6463/BLS_Scenario-01.jpg Yes 250 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/advanced-life-support-scenario https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3577.mp4 Advanced Life Support Scenario Mastering Advanced Life Support Techniques Exploring a Challenging Scenario Dive into an advanced life support scenario where a patient experiences a persistent shockable rhythm during cardiac arrest. Discover the comprehensive approach we take to manage the situation. Initial Patient Response When faced with an unresponsive patient: Assessing Responsiveness: Confirm unresponsiveness. Engaging Colleagues: Collaborate with team members. Preparing for Action: Equip defibrillator paddles. Managing the Cardiac Arrest During a cardiac arrest scenario: Monitoring the Rhythm: Confirm ventricular fibrillation (VF). Administering CPR: Ensure effective chest compressions. Charging the Monitor: Prepare for shock delivery. Optimizing Airway Management Efficient airway management is vital: Upgrading the Airway: Consider advanced airway techniques. IV Access: Establish intravenous access for medications. Administering Medications Medications play a critical role: Adrenaline Injection: Administer 1 milligram of 1 in 10,000 adrenaline IV. Amiodarone: Deliver 300 milligrams of amiodarone IV. Medication Flush: Prepare a 20 ml flush for administration. Continuous Assessment and Actions Dynamic decision-making during the scenario: Monitoring Progress: Evaluate patient response after each shock. Considering Transport: Assess the need to transfer the patient to an A&E department. Reversible Causes: Reflect on possible reversible causes of cardiac arrest. Specialized Care In specific cases: PPCI Consideration: Evaluate the need to transport the patient to a heart attack centre for percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). This comprehensive approach to advanced life support ensures that even in challenging scenarios, we strive to maximize the chances of patient survival. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6467/Advanced_Life_Support_Scenario-01.jpg Yes 483 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/contra-indications-of-oxygen https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1287.mp4 Contra Indications Of Oxygen The Use of Oxygen in Medical Applications: Guidelines and Precautions The Vital Role of Oxygen Understanding Oxygen's Importance in Medical Settings Recovery Promotion: Increasing Oxygen Concentrations for Healing Balance is Key: Oxygen Levels' Dual Impact on Patients Preventative Measure: Administering Oxygen in Uncertain Situations Oxygen's critical role in medical applications and the need for precautionary use. Paraquat Poisoning Considerations Special Caution with Paraquat Poisoning Exceptional Case: Rare Paraquat Poisoning and Oxygen Severe Respiratory Distress: The Only Scenario for Oxygen Use Handling Paraquat Poisoning and the specific guidelines for oxygen administration. COPD and Oxygen Use Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Unique Considerations Risk with COPD: Oxygen's Potential Harm in COPD Cases Respiratory Drive Impact: Oxygen's Effect on Breathing Managing patients with COPD, especially those retaining carbon dioxide, and the associated risks of oxygen use. Special Cases and Guidelines Specific Groups and BTS Recommendations Premature Infants: Careful Oxygen Handling in Neonatal Care Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema: Limiting Oxygen Concentrations BTS Guidelines: British Thoracic Society's Published Recommendations Special patient groups and the importance of following BTS guidelines for safe medical oxygen use. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2291/Contra_Indications_Of_Oxygen-01.jpg Yes 86 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/preparation-of-a-12-lead-diagnostic-ecg https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3632.mp4 Preparation of a 12 lead diagnostic ECG Conducting a 12-Lead ECG for Patient Assessment Introduction In this section, we will explore the process of conducting a 12-lead ECG as a vital part of our ongoing patient assessment. This diagnostic procedure plays a crucial role in identifying the underlying causes of cardiac arrest. The Science Behind 12-Lead ECG Understanding the intricacies of a 12-lead ECG is essential as it deals with minute electrical signals generated by the heart. These electrical patterns form electromagnetic fields around the body, and our goal is to capture and analyze these signals through specialized electrodes. Key Point: ECG readings involve extremely low millivolt electrical signals. Electrodes and Preparation To ensure accurate ECG results, proper equipment and patient preparation are crucial. Special electrodes are used in this procedure, and their conductive gel can dry out over time. It's vital to check the electrodes' use-by date and confirm the presence of conductive gel before use. Important: Using expired or dried-out electrodes can compromise the quality of the ECG. Using 10 Leads for 12 Views We utilize a set of 10 leads to obtain 12 distinct views of the heart. The initial step involves attaching limb leads, one for each limb of the patient. Proper placement of these leads is essential to prevent discomfort or bruising during the procedure. Tip: It's advisable to connect the leads to the electrodes before applying them to the patient's skin to ensure comfort and avoid any potential issues. Patient Consent Before commencing the ECG, obtaining the patient's consent is a necessary step, just like with any other medical procedure. It's essential to explain the process and secure the patient's agreement. Example: Medical Professional: Hello, sir. Patient: Hello. Medical Professional: Is it okay to do an ECG? It will mean connecting some electrodes to your arms and legs and across your chest. Patient: Yep, no problem. Medical Professional: Okay. Thank you. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6475/Preparation_of_a_12_lead_diagnostic_ECG-01.jpg Yes 182 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/nasopharyngeal-airways-np-airways https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3627.mp4 Nasopharyngeal airways (NP Airways) Introduction to Nasopharyngeal Airways Nasopharyngeal airways, commonly referred to as NP airways, play a vital role in ensuring adequate breathing, especially when conventional methods aren't viable. When to Use an NP Airway Manual Limitations: If manual techniques to open a patient's airway prove insufficient. Multitasking: When there's a need to free one's hands to perform other tasks. Specific Cases: Particularly beneficial for patients experiencing fits or those with head injuries resulting in trismus, where teeth clenching prevents the use of an oropharyngeal airway. Selecting the Right Size The size of the NP airway is determined based on the nostril's size and, as a general rule, the diameter of the patient's little finger. Sizes vary, typically ranging from six to nine millimetres. For our subject here, we've chosen a number eight millimetre NP airway. Features and Insertion These airways possess a slight curve and a flange at the end, ensuring they remain securely outside the patient's nostril. Here's a step-by-step guide for insertion: Hold the NP airway in the right hand, aiming for the patient's right nostril. Exercise caution, especially if the patient has a head injury, due to potential fractures at the skull base. Begin by inserting it into the right nostril, moving upwards. Rotate and slide it downwards during insertion. Once correctly positioned in the oropharynx, a distinct airflow through the airway is noticeable. It's common to observe mucus or blood, so it's recommended to keep one's head tilted back during the process. Conclusion NP airways offer a reliable solution for ensuring patient breathing in challenging scenarios. Proper selection and careful insertion are key to their effectiveness. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6455/Nasopharyngeal_Airways-01.jpg Yes 117 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/postural-drainage https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4056.mp4 Postural Drainage Postural Drainage for Airway Management The Importance of Proper Positioning When dealing with a patient's airway, especially when they are lying on their back or are unconscious, it's crucial to prevent fluid or stomach contents from obstructing the airway. This includes blood or any other liquid substances. Proper positioning can make a significant difference in airway management during patient transfer or travel. Positioning for Airway Protection 1. Sitting Up Slightly: Ensure that the patient is positioned slightly upright. This helps prevent the contents from flowing back into the airway and keeps them in the stomach. 2. Oxygen Mask Considerations: When a patient is on oxygen, be aware that the mask can trap fluids or vomit. Inhaling these substances can lead to aspirational pneumonia, a life-threatening condition. In such cases, promptly remove the mask from the airway. 3. Head Elevation: Place one hand under the back of the patient's head. This not only elevates the head slightly but also prepares for postural movements if needed for airway drainage. Natural Airway Drainage Facilitating natural drainage can be quicker and more effective in some situations: 1. Rolling the Patient: If a substantial amount of fluid is present in the back of the throat, rolling the patient onto their side can rapidly drain the fluid onto the floor. This approach is faster than relying solely on a suction unit, which may take more time. 2. Recovery Position: The recovery position promotes natural airway drainage. It causes the tongue and jaw to fall forward, allowing fluids to drain naturally through the mouth and airway. Unconscious casualties should be placed in the recovery position until professional help arrives. 3. Ambulance Technique: In an ambulance, a similar technique can be used. Position the patient with one arm under the back of the head, raise the opposite knee, and tuck the foot underneath the opposite leg. Lift the wrist across the chest and press down on the knee to roll the patient to the side, allowing them to vomit to the floor, clear the airway, and then return to a normal position. Proper positioning and postural drainage are essential for effective airway management and patient safety. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7237/Postural_Drainage-01.jpg Yes 226 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/advanced-decision-and-dnr-cpr-in-basic-life-support https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/2907.mp4 Advanced Decision and DNR CPR in Basic Life Support Respecting Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) Orders in Emergency Care This guide provides essential information about understanding and respecting DNR orders during resuscitation scenarios. What are DNR Orders? DNR orders are legal directives made by patients, often those with terminal illnesses, choosing not to undergo resuscitation efforts at the end of life. These decisions are made in consultation with medical professionals and family members. Identification of DNR Orders DNR orders are usually documented on a red form, signed by the patient, their GP, and nursing staff. The patient's cognitive ability to make such a decision is crucial during the process. Protocol for Healthcare Providers Presence of DNR Orders During an Emergency It is mandatory for a DNR order to be physically present and accessible during a cardiac arrest or at the time of death. Family members should be able to present the DNR order to healthcare providers before resuscitation begins. Actions in the Absence of DNR Orders In cases where a DNR order is not readily available or there is uncertainty, healthcare providers have a duty of care to initiate resuscitation. Always verify the existence of a DNR order before ceasing resuscitation efforts. Guidance for Responding to DNR Orders Verification is Key If informed about a DNR order verbally, request to see the document. If in doubt, proceed with resuscitation until further clarification is obtained. Legal Protection for Rescuers Attempting resuscitation in the absence of a DNR order is legally protected. It is better to err on the side of caution and begin resuscitation until qualified medical personnel arrive or until you receive official confirmation to stop. Conclusion DNR orders are vital in respecting the end-of-life wishes of patients. However, in emergency situations, always seek to confirm the presence of a DNR order before altering standard resuscitation procedures. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/5207/Advanced_Decision_and_DNR_CPR_in_Basic_Life_Support-01.jpg Yes 177 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/chain-of-survival-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/94.mp4 Chain of Survival The Chain of Survival: Giving Cardiac Arrest Patients the Best Chance of Survival The Chain of Survival describes the essential steps that give a person in cardiac arrest the best possible chance of surviving and recovering with a good quality of life. Each link in the chain is vital, and every second counts. If any one link is weak or delayed, the chances of survival fall dramatically. When all links are strong, outcomes improve and more people return to their families and communities. Link 1: Early Recognition and Calling for Help The first link focuses on recognising serious illness early and calling for help before cardiac arrest occurs. Early warning signs may include: Sudden collapse Difficulty breathing Chest pain Rapid deterioration or reduced responsiveness If you suspect someone is becoming seriously unwell or unresponsive, call the emergency services immediately. Early activation of emergency medical services (EMS) ensures advanced care is on the way as soon as possible. In some cases, early intervention may even prevent cardiac arrest from happening. Link 2: Early CPR and Defibrillation This link is about preserving the brain and restarting the heart. If a person becomes unresponsive and is not breathing normally, they are in cardiac arrest. Start CPR immediately High-quality chest compressions maintain blood flow to the brain and vital organs Defibrillation is the next critical step. Early use of an AED (Automated External Defibrillator) dramatically improves survival. Modern AEDs are safe, simple to use, and provide clear voice prompts. The sooner a shock is delivered, the greater the chance of restoring a normal heart rhythm. Link 3: Advanced and Post-Resuscitation Care When the heart restarts, this is known as ROSC – Return of Spontaneous Circulation. At this point, care must continue immediately. This stage focuses on optimising brain and heart function and preventing further deterioration. Key priorities include: Maintaining adequate oxygenation and ventilation Stabilising blood pressure Treating ongoing or recurrent arrhythmias Identifying and correcting reversible causes This phase is critical for protecting the brain, supporting the heart, and reducing the risk of another cardiac arrest. Link 4: Survival and Recovery The final link focuses on restoring quality of life. Survival is not just about restarting the heart. It is about helping the person recover physically, mentally, and emotionally. This stage may involve: Specialist neurological care Rehabilitation and physiotherapy Management of long-term heart or medical conditions Emotional and psychological support Good post-resuscitation care helps patients regain independence and return to a meaningful life after cardiac arrest. Why the Chain of Survival Matters The Chain of Survival highlights that every link matters: Early Recognition and Calling for Help Early CPR and Defibrillation Advanced and Post-Resuscitation Care Survival and Recovery When each link is strong, more lives are saved, and more people return to their families and communities with positive long-term outcomes. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/141/Chain_of_Survival.jpg Yes 187 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/storage-of-oxygen https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1289.mp4 Storage Of Oxygen Safe Storage of Oxygen Cylinders: Guidelines and Regulations Importance of Proper Oxygen Cylinder Storage Ensuring Safety and Preventing Damage Workplace Risk Assessments: Checking for Appropriate Storage Rules General Rules for Medical Oxygen Cylinder Storage: 1. Sheltered and Dry Storage Protecting Cylinders from Environmental Extremes 2. Separation from Non-Medical Cylinders Preventing Mixing of Medical and Non-Medical Gases 3. Strict Rotation of Cylinders Ensuring First-In, First-Out Usage 4. Separation within the Storage Area Keeping Different Medical Cylinders Apart 5. Vertical Storage for F-Size Cylinders and Larger 6. Horizontal Storage for E-Size Cylinders and Smaller Adhering to Specific Storage Orientations 7. Warning Notices Prohibiting Smoking and Naked Flames 8. Emergency Services Notification Ensuring Emergency Response Awareness 9. Portable Oxygen Kits and Vehicle Storage Applying Guidelines for Safe Portable Kit and Vehicle Storage Following these guidelines for the secure storage of oxygen cylinders in compliance with workplace assessments and regulations. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2297/Storage_Of_Oxygen-01.jpg Yes 92 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/paediatric-cpr-introduction https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/737.mp4 Child CPR for Healthcare Professionals CPR for Healthcare Professionals Understanding the nuances of Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) for healthcare professionals, including the differences from standard first aid practices and adaptations for children and infants. Introduction to CPR Variations CPR guidelines vary between first aiders and healthcare professionals, with specific adaptations for children and infants. It's essential for healthcare professionals to be familiar with these distinctions and apply them according to their work setting. Differences in CPR Techniques The primary variation in CPR for healthcare professionals lies in the compression ratios, especially for children and infants, where the ratio changes from 30:2 to 15:2. This section details the procedure and the rationale behind the adjustments. Adapting to Your Environment Understanding Local Rules: Healthcare settings may have specific CPR protocols. Consult with your resuscitation officer for guidance. Outside the Hospital: When responding to emergencies in non-clinical settings, healthcare professionals must adapt their approach while maintaining their duty to respond. Communication is Key Effective communication with bystanders, first aiders, or family members is crucial in emergency situations. Emphasizing the importance of clear instructions and sensitivity to others' emotional states during such critical times. Conclusion For healthcare professionals, the ability to switch between standard first aid and professional CPR protocols, depending on the setting and the patient's age, is vital. Awareness of local policies and clear communication with those involved can significantly impact the outcome of CPR efforts. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/1361/Child_CPR_for_Healthcare_Professionals-01.jpg Yes 111 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/bag-valve-masks-advanced https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3623.mp4 Bag Valve Masks Using the Bag Valve Mask for Effective Ventilation Introduction Ensuring Adequate Ventilation with the Bag Valve Mask Optimal Ventilation Technique Key Steps for Effective Ventilation Airway Adjuncts: Employing airway adjuncts to facilitate proper ventilation. Bag Valve Mask Capacity: Understanding that the mask's chamber holds approximately 1,200 millilitres of air. Controlled Ventilation: Emulating natural breathing patterns with gentle inhalation and slow exhalation. Preventing Epiglottis Closure: Ventilating in a manner that avoids epiglottis closure, which can redirect air into the stomach. Sealing the Mask: Using a "C" shape hand technique to achieve a secure seal around the patient's face. Proper Mask Placement: Placing the mask over the bridge of the nose and securing it with fingers over the mandible's hard bone. Ventilation Procedure Executing Ventilation for Optimal Results Head Position: Tilt the patient's head back to ensure a clear airway. Respiratory Rate: Maintain a normal respiratory rate for adults, typically once every five or six seconds. Monitoring Chest Movement: Observe the chest for rising and falling, confirming effective lung ventilation. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6449/Bag_Valve_Masks-01.jpg Yes 157 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/course-summary- https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4803.mp4 Course Summary Completing Your Course and Taking the Test with ProTrainings Congratulations on completing your course! Before taking the test, review the student resources section and refresh your skills. Student Resources Section Free student manual: Download your manual and other resources. Additional links: Find helpful websites to support your training. Eight-month access: Revisit the course and view any new videos added. Preparing for the Course Test Before starting the test, you can: Review the videos Read through documents and links in the student resources section Course Test Guidelines No time limit: Take the test at your own pace, but complete it in one sitting. Question format: Choose from four answers or true/false questions. Adaptive testing: Unique questions for each student, with required section passes. Retake option: Review materials and retake the test if needed. After Passing the Test Once you pass the test, you can: Print your completion certificate Print your Certified CPD statement Print the evidence-based learning statement Additional ProTrainings Courses ProTrainings offers: Over 350 courses at regional training centres or your workplace Remote virtual courses with live instructors Over 300 video online and blended courses Contact us at 01206 805359 or email support@protrainings.uk for assistance or group training solutions. Thank you for choosing ProTrainings and good luck with your test! https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/8553/Course_Summary-01.jpg Yes 127 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/respiration-and-breathing https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1390.mp4 Respiration and Breathing Recognizing Breathing Difficulties in First Aid Normal Breathing Signs Rising and Falling Chest: Look for the chest's symmetrical rise and fall on both sides. Sign of Comfort: The patient should display no signs of distress. Steady Breath: Breathing should be quiet, regular, and consistent. Signs of Breathing Difficulty When someone experiences difficulty breathing, there are key indicators to observe: Distress: They may appear distressed and anxious. Conscious Effort: The individual might consciously think about their breathing, which is unusual. Rapid Respiration: Their respiratory rate and effort will increase significantly. Asthma Symptoms: In cases of asthma, they may wheeze or describe tightness in the chest. Symmetrical Chest Movement: Even when experiencing difficulty, their chest should still rise and fall equally on both sides. First Aid for Asthma When assisting an asthma patient: Comfortable Position: Allow them to sit in a position they find most comfortable; they often prefer sitting down with hunched shoulders. Respect Their Choice: Let the patient decide the position that suits them best. Recognizing Serious Conditions Some serious conditions affecting breathing include: Pneumothorax: In this condition, one lung isn't functioning correctly. Severe Distress: Patients with pneumothorax will be incredibly distressed, express an inability to breathe, and seek help. Asymmetrical Chest Movement: With pneumothorax, only one side of the chest will visibly move; the affected side won't. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2507/Respiration_and_Breathing-01.jpg Yes 188 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/infant-recovery-position https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/284.mp4 Infant Recovery Position Recovery Position for Infants Differences in the Recovery Position Using the recovery position for adults and children differs significantly from what you should do when dealing with an infant (under 1 year old). It's crucial to adapt your approach for their specific needs. Steps for Infant Recovery Follow these steps when dealing with an unconscious infant: Cradle the Infant: After confirming no injuries and checking for breathing, cradle the infant in your arms. Hold them facing you with their head tilted downward. Proper Support: Support their body using your arm and one hand while your other hand cradles their head securely. Choking and Vomit Prevention: This position prevents choking on the tongue or inhaling vomit. It also allows for easy monitoring. Continual Monitoring: Regularly check for breathing and assess their circulation by observing the color of their lips. Keep a close watch for signs of regaining consciousness. Comfort and Warmth: Holding them this way provides comfort and warmth to the infant during this critical time. Calling for Help If necessary, you can call emergency services or ask someone for assistance. However, ensure that you remain cautious while moving around. Your primary focus must always be on the infant's well-being, but it's equally important to avoid accidents like slipping, tripping, or falling. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/515/Infant_Recovery_Position-01.jpg Yes 74 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/improving-compressions https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1950.mp4 Improving compressions Delivering High-Quality CPR: Position, Depth, Rate, and Technique Providing high-quality CPR is one of the most important actions you can take during cardiac arrest. Small improvements in technique can significantly increase the amount of blood delivered to the brain and heart, improving survival. Correct Position for CPR The optimal position for delivering CPR is by the side of the casualty. This allows easier movement between chest compressions and rescue breaths and helps maintain good technique. However, compressions can also be delivered from over the head if space is limited. This may be necessary in confined environments such as: Aircraft aisles Buses or coaches Trains or other restricted spaces Compression Depth: Why It Matters Fear of causing harm, fatigue, or limited upper-body strength often leads rescuers to compress too shallowly. This is one of the most common CPR errors. Current guidance recommends that adult chest compressions should be 5–6 centimetres deep. Estimating compression depth is difficult, and evidence shows that compressions are often too shallow. Importantly, compressions that are slightly too deep are far less harmful than compressions that are too shallow. Priority: Ensure adequate compression depth every time. Compression Rate: Finding the Right Speed Large studies involving more than 13,000 patients have shown that the highest survival rates occur when chest compressions are delivered at a rate of: 100–120 compressions per minute When compression rates exceed 120 per minute, compression depth often decreases. For this reason, it is important not to exceed two compressions per second. Minimising Pauses in Chest Compressions Every pause in chest compressions reduces blood flow to vital organs. Pauses commonly occur during: Defibrillation Rescue breaths AED rhythm analysis All interruptions should be kept under 10 seconds wherever possible. Clear communication between rescuers is essential to minimise these gaps and maintain effective CPR. Chest Recoil: Just as Important as Compression Allowing the chest to fully recoil after each compression is just as important as pushing down. A common mistake is leaning on the chest, which prevents full recoil. Full recoil allows better venous return to the heart, improving circulation and overall CPR effectiveness. Think of compression and recoil as equal: Compression time = recoil time Managing Fatigue During CPR Compression quality can begin to fall after as little as two minutes. If there are enough rescuers available: Swap the person delivering compressions every two minutes Ensure there is no pause while changing rescuers This helps maintain correct depth, rate, and recoil. Practice Improves Performance Regular practice is one of the best ways to improve CPR quality. Use a CPR manikin whenever possible If practising at home, use a toy or stuffed animal to rehearse hand position and technique Confidence comes from practice, and confident CPR saves lives. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/3513/Improving_compressions-01.jpg Yes 181 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/abcde-approach-to-patient-care https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1276.mp4 ABCDE Approach to Patient Care ABCDE Approach in Patient Care Exploring the ABCDE Approach Let's delve deeper into patient care by expanding the ABCD approach and adding "E" to it, transforming it into the comprehensive ABCDE approach. A - Airway The "A" in ABCDE represents the Airway. Any airway obstruction is a critical emergency, necessitating immediate expert intervention. In many cases, airway obstruction occurs due to the tongue falling to the back of the throat. To assess and maintain the airway, consider the Head Tilt – Chin Lift technique. However, if you suspect a spinal injury, opt for the Jaw Thrust method. Clearing the airway allows the casualty to breathe. B - Breathing Next, the "B" signifies Breathing. In the primary assessment of breathing, it's crucial to promptly identify and address life-threatening conditions such as the absence of breathing. Assess breathing by opening the airway, positioning your ear near their mouth to observe. Look, listen, and feel for signs of breathing. Ensure you can differentiate regular breathing from agonal breathing. If the casualty isn't breathing, initiate CPR immediately. Wheezing, often caused by bronchospasms, is common in conditions like anaphylaxis. Oxygen should be administered to all critically ill patients. C - Circulation The "C" denotes Circulation. Check for adequate blood circulation by assessing capillary refill in an uninjured toe or finger and by feeling for a radial pulse. While you can also check for a Carotid pulse in the neck, it provides less information about blood pressure than the radial pulse. Note that femoral pulses are typically not assessed in a pre-hospital setting. Patients in anaphylactic shock may exhibit significantly low blood pressure. D - Disability The "D" represents Disability, focusing on any abnormalities not covered in the previous assessments. For conscious patients who can communicate, inquire about unusual sensations, pain, or any abnormal feelings. This information can be invaluable, as it may reveal hidden issues not detected in the primary assessment. Internal problems like chest pain or nausea may also be disclosed by the casualty. E - Exposure Finally, "E" stands for Exposure. To conduct a thorough examination, it's essential to expose the patient fully. Some changes, such as skin abnormalities, may be difficult to discern without full exposure. Prioritize maintaining the patient's warmth and dignity during this process. Gather a comprehensive clinical history from the patient, their relatives, friends, and other healthcare staff. If possible, review the patient's medical notes and charts to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the situation. Guidelines for the ABCDE Approach When following the ABCDE approach, always seek assistance and operate within your training and qualifications. Do not attempt any procedure unless you are fully qualified and authorised to do so. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2263/ABCDE_Approach_to_Patient_Care-01.jpg Yes 197 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/thumb-use-infant-cpr https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/5284.mp4 Thumb use infant CPR Infant CPR: Thumbs Compression Method This instructional guide demonstrates an alternative method for performing chest compressions on infants using the thumbs. This technique may be preferred by some individuals for its ease of application. Overview of Thumbs Compression Method The thumbs compression method involves a specific technique for delivering effective chest compressions to an infant in distress. This method requires the use of both thumbs to compress the chest, supported by the hands encircling the infant's torso. Initial Steps Rescue Breaths: Begin with five rescue breaths to ensure oxygen flow before starting chest compressions. Timing for Assistance: If conducting CPR solo, perform CPR for one minute before seeking additional help. Compression Technique Positioning: Use both thumbs to compress the chest, positioning them in the centre of the chest, just as you would with the two-finger technique. Depth of Compressions: Ensure compressions are at least one-third of the chest's depth, approximately four centimetres for infants. Rate of Compressions: Maintain a compression rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute. Hand Placement: Place both hands on either side of the infant's chest to stabilise and deliver adequate compressions. Benefits of the Thumbs Compression Method This method offers an alternative for healthcare providers and rescuers who may find it more comfortable or effective than the standard two-finger technique. Conclusion Choosing between the thumbs compression method and the traditional two-finger technique depends on the rescuer's preference and comfort. Both methods aim to provide effective chest compressions to support the infant's circulatory function during CPR. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/9362/Thumb_use_infant_CPR-01.jpg Yes 55 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/oxygen-regulators https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1294.mp4 Oxygen Regulators Guide to Oxygen Regulators This guide offers an in-depth look at oxygen regulators, covering both conventional and pin index systems, and their application in medical and diving scenarios. Conventional Oxygen Regulators Typically found atop oxygen cylinders, conventional regulators are commonly used in medical settings. These regulators generally have a standard output of 15 litres per minute. Pin Index System and Separate Regulators Pin index systems, often with separate regulators, can offer higher outputs, up to 25 litres per minute. This is particularly relevant in scuba diving, where higher oxygen flow rates are needed. Adjusting the Flow on Regulators To adjust the oxygen flow rate, use the knob on the regulator. The gauge indicates the pressure in the cylinder. Ensure proper alignment of locator pins and the oxygen outlet for correct setup. Setting up the Regulator To attach the regulator, line up the pins and locator pin accurately, and then tighten it just enough to secure it in place. It is important not to overtighten to avoid damage. Operating the Oxygen Cylinder Once the regulator is set up, turn on the cylinder. The gauge will indicate the pressure level. Open the valve fully, then slightly back for safety. The oxygen can then be controlled and delivered to the required system. Tips for Safe and Effective Use Always ensure the regulator is securely attached without being overtightened. Regular checks of the setup are important to confirm that everything is functioning correctly. Note: This guide is for informational purposes. Proper training and safety procedures should always be followed when handling oxygen regulators. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2323/Oxygen_Regulators-01.jpg Yes 110 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/when-communication-breaks-down https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4122.mp4 When communication breaks down Consequences of Communication Breakdown in Emergencies Introduction Exploring the potential repercussions when communication breaks down during emergency situations. 1. Inaccurate Information Delayed Response: Inaccurate details provided to the control room can lead to delays in ambulance deployment. Wrong Location: Providing incorrect road names or town names may dispatch the crew to the wrong area. Proper Prioritization: Be honest about the severity of the situation to ensure appropriate response prioritization. 2. Ambulance Crew Confusion Difficult to Prioritize: Missing or incomplete information from the caller can lead to confusion for the ambulance crew. Utilize Conscious Patient: Gather essential details while the patient is conscious to aid in better decision-making. 3. Poor Hospital Handover Drugs and Medications: Inaccurate documentation may result in administering drugs that clash with the patient's history. Accurate Flow of Data: Proper documentation ensures a smooth flow of accurate information through the healthcare system. 4. Continuity of Care Discharge to GP: Information is passed to the patient's GP upon discharge, influencing ongoing care decisions. Chain of Communication: The communication process begins with the emergency call and continues until the GP receives discharge notes. Accuracy is Key: Double-check and ensure the accuracy of information at every step for optimal patient outcomes. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7377/When_communication_breaks_down-01.jpg Yes 250 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/effective-cpr https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1389.mp4 Effective CPR Understanding CPR: The Heart, Cardiac Arrest, and the Importance of Compressions Knowing how the heart functions and the impact of cardiac arrest is crucial for delivering effective CPR. You can keep blood circulating with proper compressions until a defibrillator becomes available. How the Heart Functions The heart's natural pacemaker, the Sinoatrial Node, sends regular electrical impulses from the top chamber (Atrium) to the bottom chamber (Ventricle). This process keeps the heart pumping blood. In cardiac arrest, this normal functioning is disrupted, often due to electrolyte imbalances, potassium interference, or heart-related issues. Cardiac Arrest and Ventricular Fibrillation During cardiac arrest, the heart's electrical pathways are disrupted, causing the heart to experience ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. In this state, defibrillation is necessary to restore normal heart function. Effective CPR and Chest Compressions While waiting for an Automated External Defibrillator (AED), perform effective CPR: Push down 5-6cm at 100-120 beats per minute. Place hands in the centre of the chest. Maintain a straight posture and use body weight. Switch rescuers every two minutes for optimal CPR. Allow the chest to recoil fully between compressions. The Role of AEDs AEDs work by passing electricity through the heart, momentarily stunning it and allowing the heart's pacemaker to restore normal function. In cases of cardiac arrest due to a lack of oxygen, the AED may indicate that no shock is necessary. Continue CPR and monitor the patient until emergency services arrive. Remember: Anyone can perform CPR. The key is to maintain the correct rate and depth of compressions. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2505/Effective__CPR-01.jpg Yes 357 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/introduction-to-the-abcde-approach https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/1277.mp4 Introduction to the ABCDE Approach ABCDE Approach in Patient Care Understanding the ABCDE Approach When providing care for a patient, the standard ABCDE approach is essential. This approach aligns with critical care protocols and ensures a systematic assessment and treatment plan. ABCDE stands for: Airway Breathing Circulation Disability Exposure Initial Assessment Before delving into the ABCDE breakdown, it's crucial to perform a comprehensive initial assessment and conduct regular reassessments. Prioritize addressing life-threatening issues before moving on to other aspects of the assessment. Continuously evaluate the impact of the treatments you administer. Calling for Assistance Early intervention is paramount. Don't hesitate to call for help, whether it's summoning an ambulance or a resuscitation team. Enlist the aid of bystanders to assist and manage the situation. When professional help arrives, ensure effective communication and coordination to facilitate simultaneous monitoring and treatment. Initial Treatment Goals The primary objective of initial treatments is to preserve the patient's life and achieve some degree of clinical improvement. This buys time for further treatment and the arrival of expert assistance. Keep in mind that it may take a few minutes for treatments to take effect, so maintain composure and remain vigilant. Adaptability of the ABCDE Approach The beauty of the ABCDE approach lies in its universal applicability, regardless of your level of clinical training and experience. The extent of your assessment and the treatments administered will depend on your knowledge and skills. If you encounter a problem or uncertainty, don't hesitate to seek assistance. Initial Stages Overview Prior to diving into the ABCDE approach, it's essential to adhere to certain initial stages: Ensure Personal Safety: Always prioritize your own safety. General Patient Assessment: Observe the patient's overall appearance. Assess their consciousness level by asking questions like, "How are you?" If the patient is unresponsive, gently tap them and inquire, "Are you all right?" Lack of response can be indicative of critical illness. Early Vital Signs Monitoring: Attach devices like a pulse oximeter, ECG monitor, and non-invasive blood pressure monitor as early as possible. If trained, insert an intravenous cannula promptly. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/2265/Introduction_to_the_ABCDE_Approach-01.jpg Yes 141 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/cpr-cycle---1-person https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4063.mp4 CPR Cycle - 1 person Real-Time AED Scenario 1. Initial Assessment Quick Assessment for Dangers and Patient Responsiveness Danger Check: Ensure the scene is safe. Patient Communication: Attempt to elicit a response through verbal and physical stimuli. Airway Check: Examine the airway for obstructions and perform a head tilt, chin lift. Respiratory Assessment: Look, listen, and feel for breathing for 10 seconds. 2. AED Setup Preparing and Applying the AED Defibrillator Activation: Turn on the AED and prepare for pad placement. Pad Application: Place the pads according to AED instructions. Analysis: Allow the AED to analyze the heart rhythm. Bag and Mask Setup: Prepare the bag and mask for ventilation, keeping them away from potential sparks. 3. Defibrillation and CPR Combining Defibrillation with CPR Shock Advisory: If advised by the AED, ensure everyone is clear before shocking. Commence Chest Compressions: Begin CPR with 30 compressions followed by two breaths. Compression Rhythm: Continue compressions in cycles of 30:2. AED Timing: The AED will analyze every two minutes. 4. Post-Defibrillation Assessment Checking Pulse, Breathing, and Patient Comfort Pulse Check: Verify the presence of a pulse. Respiratory Check: Confirm breathing. Stretcher Adjustment: Lift the stretcher slightly for patient comfort and safety. Oxygen Administration: Transition from bag and mask to an oxygen mask. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7257/CPR_Cycle_-_1_person-01.jpg Yes 239 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/aed-pad-placement-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4064.mp4 AED Pad Placement AED Usage: Step-by-Step Guide 1. Introduction to AED Models Different AED Models and Common European Guidelines Varied AED Models: Multiple defibrillator models available in the market. Consistent Guidelines: European guidelines ensure uniformity in AED operation and prompts. 2. AED Setup and Pad Placement Proper AED Setup and Pad Placement Power On: Turn on the AED and follow voice prompts. Call for Assistance: Initiate a call for medical help. Pad Preparation: Pull out the pads and remove the patient's clothing to expose the chest. Correct Pad Placement: Position the pads as indicated on the AED. Monitoring and Analysis: Allow the AED to analyze the heart rhythm without touching the patient. Shock Advisory: Follow AED prompts if a shock is advised. 3. CPR Assistance and Guidance Guided CPR Process with AED Support Initiating CPR: Begin chest compressions as instructed. Metronome Guidance: Maintain the recommended compression speed (120 per minute). AED Voice Prompts: Follow the AED's verbal instructions for effective CPR. Shockable Rhythms: AED only delivers a shock for ventricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia. Fallback Position: Injuries to chest areas may require front and back pad placement. 4. Importance of AED in CPR Enhanced Survival Chances with AED and CPR Survival Rates: CPR alone provides approximately 10% survival chance; AED and CPR together offer up to 85% survival. Safe Usage: AEDs are designed to only deliver shocks for shockable rhythms, ensuring patient safety. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7251/AED_Pad_Placement-01.jpg Yes 220 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/cpr-seizures-and-agonal-gasps https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4160.mp4 CPR Seizures and agonal gasps Recognizing Signs of Cardiac Arrest 1. Introduction Understanding Immediate Changes During Cardiac Arrest Sudden Internal Environment Shift: Acknowledging the abrupt transformation within a patient's body during cardiac arrest. Cessation of Brain Perfusion: Recognizing that blood flow to the brain halts during this critical phase. 2. Identifying Common Signs Key Indicators Following Cardiac Arrest Body Movements Resembling Seizures: Observing involuntary motor actions that may resemble a seizure. Agonal Gasps: Noting gasping breaths, known as agonal gasps, that can occur. 3. Proper Response Clear Action in the Face of Uncertainty Correct Course of Action: Ensuring responders make informed decisions based on their observations. Distinguishing Agonal Gasps: Avoiding confusion between agonal gasps and normal breathing. Motor Movements Clarification: Preventing misinterpretation of involuntary motor movements as seizures. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7453/CPR_Seizures_and_agonal_gasps-01.jpg Yes 67 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/rcuk-erc-resus-guidelines https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7112.mp4 RCUK and ERC Resus Guidelines Why the Resuscitation Council UK and ERC Guidelines Matter The Resuscitation Council UK (RCUK) and the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) set the official, evidence-based standards for CPR and first aid across the UK and Europe. These are the guidelines that every trainer, training provider, workplace, and first aider is expected to follow. All of our CPR and first aid courses are built around these trusted and regularly updated recommendations. What Is the Resuscitation Council UK? The Resuscitation Council UK is the nation’s leading authority on resuscitation science. It develops evidence-based guidelines covering: Adult Basic and Advanced Life Support Paediatric resuscitation (infants, children, adolescents) CPR guidance for both healthcare professionals and lay responders The RCUK ensures that the UK follows safe, consistent, clinically proven methods in all resuscitation training and emergency response. What Is the European Resuscitation Council? The ERC sets the Europe-wide standards for CPR and emergency care. It works closely with national bodies, including the Resuscitation Council UK, and contributes to global research through the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). This collaboration ensures that CPR and first aid practices are aligned with the latest international scientific evidence. Why These Guidelines Are Important for You CPR and first aid guidance evolves as new evidence, clinical studies, and real-world data become available. These guidelines affect: What instructors teach during CPR and first aid courses How course content is structured The techniques you will learn and need to use during an emergency The recommended sequence of actions when someone collapses or stops breathing In short, the Resuscitation Council UK and ERC shape exactly how CPR and first aid should be performed to give someone the best chance of survival. Guidelines Backed by Extensive Research Each update is based on thousands of scientific papers, clinical reviews, expert analysis, and real-life experience. This means that when the RCUK and ERC release new recommendations, they represent the most effective and up-to-date approach to saving lives. The Latest Guidelines We Teach All of our courses follow the latest Resuscitation Council UK and ERC guidelines, released in late 2025 and scheduled for review in 2030. If you have trained with us before, you will notice some important changes—these updates are designed to: Increase survival rates in cardiac arrest Improve outcomes in first aid emergencies Ensure every rescuer uses the most effective, evidence-based methods What This Means for Learners Whether you are refreshing your skills or learning for the first time, these updated guidelines ensure you are trained to the highest and most current standards. In a real emergency, this knowledge can make the difference between life and death. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12838/RCUK___ERC_Resus_Guidelines.jpg Yes 101 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/pocket-mask-advanced https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3629.mp4 Pocket Mask - Advanced Enhancing CPR Effectiveness with a Pocket Mask and Oxygen Introduction Improving CPR Efficiency Through Proper Ventilation Utilizing a Pocket Mask Simple Steps to Enhance CPR Accessibility: Ensuring the availability of pocket masks in hospital wards and crash trolleys. Ease of Use: The straightforward and user-friendly nature of pocket masks. Deployment: Retrieving the mask from its heart-shaped container, typically in a folded position. Proper Mask Placement: Positioning the mask with the pointy end over the patient's nose, then rolling it down to cover the mouth. Optimal Ventilation: Utilizing both hands to tilt the patient's head back and administer two inflations. Enhancing CPR Efficiency Maximizing CPR Effectiveness Through Oxygen Connection Oxygen Supply: Connecting the pocket mask to an oxygen supply for improved ventilation. Oxygen Content: Understanding that normal exhalation contains about 16% oxygen. Increased Oxygen: Elevating oxygen content closer to 100% by connecting to a 100% oxygen supply. Proper Oxygen Flow: Setting the oxygen supply at 15 litres per minute for optimal results. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6451/Pocket_Mask_-_Advanced-01.jpg Yes 114 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/using-an-aed-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4066.mp4 Using an AED CPR and AED Usage 1. AED Stage Importance Crucial Role of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) Speed and Smoothness: Swift and seamless AED usage is critical. Continuous CPR: CPR and oxygen administration must continue during AED setup. Uninterrupted Chain of Events: Keep the flow of actions without halting for AED placement. 2. Consistent AED Operation Uniformity in Defibrillator Operation European Resource Council Guidelines: Standardized guidelines followed by defibrillators across Europe. Device Variations: Different defibrillator types with similar operating principles. Voice Prompts and Visuals: User-friendly guidance on the defibrillator for ease of use. 3. Proper Pad Placement Correct Positioning of Defibrillator Pads Pad Placement: Position one pad on the top right pectoral muscle and another on the left side of the abdomen. Heart Location: Understanding the heart's position (left side, size of a clenched fist). Effective Shock: Ensuring shocks pass directly through the heart's center to stun the myocardium and reset its rhythm. 4. AED Functionality Defibrillator Operation Analogy Heart as a Device: Comparing the heart's rhythm issue to a device freeze (e.g., laptop or mobile phone). Shocking Process: Rapidly shocking the heart to stun it, stop the abnormal rhythm, and allow it to reset. Restoration of Life-Compatible Rhythm: Bringing the heart back to a rhythm compatible with life. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7263/Using_an_AED-01.jpg Yes 217 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/compression-only-cpr-als https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4062.mp4 Compression only CPR Compression-Only CPR: Keeping the Brain Alive 1. Introduction Addressing CPR Challenges in Emergency Situations No Access to a Defibrillator: In some cases, a defibrillator may not be readily available. Avoiding Mouth-to-Mouth: Instances where mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is not feasible due to contamination concerns or personal discomfort. 2. Compression-Only CPR Preserving Brain Function Through Continuous Chest Compressions Brain Oxygenation: Emphasizing the critical role of CPR in maintaining oxygen flow to the brain. Time Constraint: Recognizing the limited timeframe (approximately 8 minutes) to sustain brain function without circulation. Untrained or Unwilling to Perform Mouth-to-Mouth: Compression-only CPR is a suitable alternative. Trained for Mouth-to-Mouth: For those comfortable with mouth-to-mouth, the recommended approach is 30 compressions followed by two breaths. Consistent Compression: In compression-only CPR, there's no need to alternate with breaths; maintain continuous chest compressions. Target Organ: The Brain Efficiency Matters: Proper depth and rate of compressions increase the chances of brain survival. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7249/Compression_only_CPR-01.jpg Yes 114 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/the-precordial-thump https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/3634.mp4 The Precordial thump The Precordial Thump: A Critical Cardiac Intervention Understanding the Precordial Thump Concept Quick Action for Shockable Rhythms Timing Matters: Rapid Response for Improved Outcomes Applicability: When Witnessing Cardiac Arrest on a Monitor Identifying Shockable Rhythms: VF or Pulseless VT Performing the Precordial Thump Steps for Delivering a Precordial Thump Expose the Chest: Ensure the chest area is accessible. Fist Formation: Create a clenched fist. Thump Delivery: From about six inches above the chest, administer a single, forceful thump. Energy Output: Generates approximately 20 joules of electricity. Outcome and Next Steps Response and Follow-Up After a Precordial Thump Success: Potential for Heart Restart Failure: Transition to Traditional Defibrillation Important Note: This intervention is not for general first aid but for monitored, witnessed shockable rhythms. Real-Life Experience Anecdotal Evidence of Precordial Thump Effectiveness In real-life situations, the precordial thump has proven effective. In one instance, a patient sitting upright suddenly became unresponsive, displaying VF on the monitor. Administering a thump to the chest in this critical moment resulted in a rapid return to sinus rhythm, with the patient regaining consciousness within seconds. Although it may appear dramatic, this intervention can be life-saving when applied appropriately. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/6479/The_Precordial_thump-01.jpg Yes 163 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/adolescent-cpr https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/7110.mp4 Adolescent CPR How to Perform CPR on an Adolescent (13–18 Years) In this training film, we will cover how to perform CPR on an adolescent aged between 13 and 18 years. Although cardiac arrest in young people is less common than in adults, it can still occur due to breathing problems, traumatic injury, or sudden collapse. Delivering high-quality CPR is essential and can significantly improve their chance of survival. Initial Safety Checks Ensure the area is safe for both you and the adolescent before approaching. Gently shake their shoulder or tap it and call loudly: “Are you OK?” Calling for Help If they do not respond: Shout for help immediately. If you are alone, call 999 straight away, place the phone on speaker, and begin CPR without delay. The emergency call handler will guide you through the process. If someone else is available, ask them to call 999, put the phone on speaker if possible, and fetch an AED while you start CPR. Assessing Breathing Open the airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre. Look, listen, and feel for normal breathing for no more than 10 seconds. If the adolescent is not breathing or their breathing is abnormal (gasping or irregular), start CPR immediately. Rescue Breaths Matter In adolescents, cardiac arrest often relates to breathing difficulties or trauma, which means rescue breaths are especially important. Give 5 Initial Rescue Breaths Seal your mouth over theirs. Pinch the nose closed. Blow gently for one second per breath and watch for the chest rising. Chest Compressions Deliver 15 chest compressions immediately after the initial breaths. Place your hands in the centre of the chest, on the upper half of the sternum between the nipples. Push down to a depth of 5-6cm. Compress at a rate of 100–120 per minute. Allow the chest to fully recoil after each compression. Aim to minimise any interruptions. Continue the CPR Cycle After the initial breaths and compressions, continue CPR following this pattern: 15 compressions 2 rescue breaths Repeat this cycle until help arrives or the adolescent begins to show signs of recovery. Using an AED on an Adolescent If an AED is available, switch it on immediately, even if you are partway through a CPR cycle. Continue CPR while attaching the pads. Follow the AED’s voice prompts. Use adult pads if paediatric pads are not available. Pad placement for adolescents is the same as for adults. When to Stop CPR Continue CPR until one of the following occurs: The adolescent starts breathing normally or shows signs of life, such as moving, speaking, or opening their eyes. The emergency services arrive and take over. You become physically unable to continue—if so, try to pass CPR on to someone else. High-quality CPR can make a critical difference in an adolescent’s chance of survival. Acting quickly and confidently is key. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/12844/Adolescent_CPR.jpg Yes 168 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/infant-cpr-healthcare-uk https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/288.mp4 Infant CPR for Health Professionals Infant CPR for Healthcare Professionals This guide outlines the essential steps for healthcare professionals to perform CPR on infants, highlighting the differences from first aid procedures and the importance of quick and appropriate action. CPR Guidelines Overview Healthcare professionals face two CPR guideline options based on the environment: the standard first aider approach (30 compressions to 2 breaths) and the healthcare professional approach (15 compressions to 2 breaths). Preparation and Consent Ensure scene safety, wear protective gloves, and obtain consent if possible. Assess the infant's responsiveness and, in the absence of any signs of life, prepare to initiate CPR. Opening the Airway Perform a head tilt-chin lift to open the airway, ensuring it's in a neutral position to avoid obstruction. Assessment and Activation of Assistance Check for breathing for 10 seconds. If no breathing is detected, activate emergency services, especially if performing CPR solo. Delivering Initial Breaths Seal your mouth over the infant's mouth and nose to deliver five initial breaths, observing for chest rise without overinflation. Performing Chest Compressions Use two fingers to perform 15 compressions at a third of the chest depth, at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute. Alternate Compression Method For healthcare settings, an alternative method using thumbs for compressions may be used, especially when CPR is performed by multiple responders. Continuing CPR Cycle After initial compressions and breaths, continue the cycle of 15 compressions to 2 breaths until assistance arrives or the infant shows signs of life. Conclusion Healthcare professionals must adapt their CPR technique based on their professional judgment and the specific situation, always aiming to provide the most effective care for the infant in distress. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/523/Infant_CPR_for_Health_Professionals-01.jpg Yes 313 https://www.propaediatricbls.co.uk/training/ils/video/infant-cpr-practical https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/videos/course_videos/en/4144.mp4 Infant CPR practical (first aid guidelines) Infant CPR Practical Techniques Providing Effective CPR for Infants Managing Cardiac Arrest in Distressing Situations Emotional Challenge: Infant Cardiac Arrest Stress and Effectiveness: Keeping It Simple Pillow Placement: Facilitating Proper Airway Position Two CPR Techniques: One-Person and Two-Person One-Person CPR: Two-Finger Compressions and Breath Management Encircling Technique: Efficient Two-Person Method Alternative Approach: CPR with Child Fixed to Arm Infant CPR is a vital skill during a distressing time. This guide covers practical techniques, including one-person and two-person CPR, proper pillow placement, and alternative methods to ensure effective cardiac arrest management in infants. https://d3imrogdy81qei.cloudfront.net/video_images/7423/Infant_CPR_practical_(first_aid_guidelines)-01.jpg Yes 342